英語四級(jí)語法:倒裝句的幾種形式
今天自學(xué)庫語文小編主要給大家講解的是英語四級(jí)語法:倒裝句的幾種形式,希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。
英語四級(jí)語法:倒裝句的幾種形式
英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)中有兩種語序:一種是自然語序(Natural Word-order),與漢語是一致的,即"主語+謂語",另外一種是倒裝語序(Inverted Word-order),即把謂語動(dòng)詞的全部或一部分置于主語之前,或把賓語、表語置于主語之前。倒裝句(Inversion)有兩種情況:一種是普通的倒裝句---疑問句,這種倒裝句是由把助動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞的一部分置于主語之前構(gòu)成;另一種是特殊的倒裝句,這種倒裝句比較復(fù)雜,有一定的詞語和句型的要求,即某些含有否定意義的詞語或詞組放在句首,表示強(qiáng)調(diào),句子要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。特殊的倒裝句有兩種形式:一種是將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語之前,沒有助動(dòng)詞則需要加do,does或 did,這種倒裝句稱為"不完全倒裝"或"部分倒裝"(Partial Inversion);另一種是將整個(gè)謂語部分放在主語之前,不用助動(dòng)詞,這種倒裝句稱為"完全倒裝"(Full Inversion)。
倒裝句是英語語法中的重點(diǎn),也是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)。在各類英語考試中,都會(huì)出現(xiàn)特殊的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)這類語法項(xiàng)目,因此需要逐一學(xué)習(xí)、記憶并掌握它們的要求和用法。下面就這種特殊的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)這一語法項(xiàng)目常見的情況例釋如下,以引起參加各種英語考試的同學(xué)的重視:
一、含有否定意義的副詞或副詞短語引起的倒裝
某些表示否定意義的副詞或副詞短語位于句首,表示強(qiáng)調(diào),句子要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的這類副詞或副詞短語有:never,seldom , rarely,no sooner...than,hardly/scarcely/ barely...when,no,little,nowhere,not, hardly,no longer, not until,not only...but also等等。
1、never,rarely,seldom位于句首,用于進(jìn)行"比較",句子要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)Never before that night _______ the extent of my own power.
A)had I felt
C)did I feel
B)I felt
D)I had felt(CET-4,1988.6-61,選A)
2)_______ so many people in the U.S. been out of work as today.
A)More than ever before have
B)Formerly,there never were
C)Never before have
D)In the past,there never have (CET-4,1994.6-53,選C)
2、no sooner ...than,hardly /scarcely/ barely ...when位于句首,表示一件事緊接著另一件事發(fā)生,句子要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)_______ his eyes when she told him that it was time for them to clean.
A)Hardly had he opened
B)No sooner did he open
C)Scarcely did he open
D)He had no sooner opened (CET-4,1994.6-59,選A)
2)_______ she realized it was too late to go home.
A)No sooner it grew dark than
B)Hardly did it grow dark that
C)Scarcely had it grown dark when
D)It was until dark that (CET-4,2000.1-61,選C)
3、在由neither,nor開頭、引導(dǎo)的表示"前面所說的情況也適用于另一人(或事物)"的句子中,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),neither,nor為"否定的附和"。例如:
1)The customer complained that the dining table had not been delivered yet,_______ .
A)and neither had the chairs
B)and the chairs weren't either
C)and not the chairs either
D)and neither the chairs had been(CET-4,1994.6-46,選A)
2)I could not persuade him to accept it, _______ make him see the importance of it.
A)if only I could not
B)no more than I could
C)or I could not
D)nor could I (CET-4,1995.1-42,選D)
3)The organization had broken no rules, but _______ had it acted responsibly.
A)neither
B)so
C)either
D)both (CET-4,1996.1-33,選A)
但是,neither用作主語或主語的一部分時(shí),不用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
4)_______ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.
A)None
B)Either
C)Both
D)Neither (CET-4,1994.1-52,選D)
5)Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _______ .
A)has been accepted
B)have been accepted
C)was accepted
D)were accepted (CET-4,1998.1-33,選C)
4、含有not until的強(qiáng)調(diào)句,如果not until位于句首,句子要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),如果是主從復(fù)合句,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)在主句中。例如:
1)Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground.
A)had he arrived
B)would he have arrived
C)did he arrive
D)should he have arrived (CET-4,2000.6-23,選C)
2)Not until then did he come to realize the seriousness of the situation.
5、其他表示否定意義的副詞或副詞短語位于句首,句子要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources.
2)Nowhere has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in this country.
6、含有"no"、表示否定意義的介詞短語位于句首,句子要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的這類介詞短語有:at no point(決不),at no time,by no means,in no case,in no circumstances,in no sense,in no shape,in no way,in no wise, on no account,on no consideration,under no circumstances,in no time(立刻),in vain(徒勞),not once,still less等等。例如:
1)We have been told that under no circumstances_______the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A)may we use
B)we may use
C)we could use
D)did we use (CET-4,1999.6-60,選A)
2)At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal interest first.
二、其他副詞引起的倒裝
在以下列副詞及連接詞開頭的句子中,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的副詞有:only,so, here,there,now,often,then,down,out, in,up,hence,thus,well,off,away,twice, gladly,many a time等等。
1、在由only開頭的句子中,only后面緊跟用作狀語的副詞、介詞或從句,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)Only by shouting at the top of his voice_______ .
A)he was able to make himself hear
B)he was able to make himself heard
C)was he able to make himself hear
D)was he able to make himself heard (CET-4,1989.1-50,選D)
2)Only under special circumstances _______ to take make-up tests.
A)are freshmen permitted
B)freshmen are permitted
C)permitted are freshmen
D)are permitted freshmen (CET-4,1997.6-43,選A)
如果only在句首,但是only后面沒有緊跟用作狀語的副詞、介詞或從句,則不用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
2、在由so開頭、引導(dǎo)的表示"前面所說的情況也適用于另一人(或事物)"的句子中,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),so為"肯定的附和"。例如:
John had been working hard and_______ .
A)so had his brother
B)so his brother had
C)so was his brother
D)so his brother did(CET-4,1991.1-70,選A)
3、由there引起的句子,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)The door opened and there entered a young man in a blue uniform.
2)There used to be a hospital in the corner.
4、由there或now引起的句子、謂語為 come(go)的句子,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)There comes the bus.
2)Now comes your turn.
5、由here引起的句子、謂語為be的句子,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)Here are some good newly-published novels.
2)Here is China's largest tropical forest.
但是,如果主語是人稱代詞時(shí),由here和 there引出的句子也不用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)Here we are.
2)Here you are.
6、由then引起的句子、謂語為come(follow)的句子,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)Then come wind,hail and frost.
2)Then came a new difficulty.
7、由often引起的句子,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Often did we warn them not to do so.
三、虛擬條件狀語從句中的倒裝
1、在含有were,had,should的虛擬條件狀語中,如果省略了連接詞if,要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)_______ right now,she would get there on Sunday.
A)Would she leave
B)If she leaves
C)Were she to leave
D)If she had left(CET-4,1996.6-42,選C)
2)_______ before we depart the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A)Had they arrived
B)Would they arrive
C)Were they arriving
D)Were they to arrive(CET-4,1997.1-34,選D)
3)Had he worked harder,he _______ the exams.
A)must have got through
B)would have got through
C)would get through
D)could get through (CET-4,1997.6-42,選B)
2、在表示祝愿的句子中,往往要求用倒裝句。常常將助動(dòng)詞提前或直接將謂語動(dòng)詞置于主語前面,表示祝愿。例如:
1)May this book in a small way help to improve your English.
2)Long live friendship!
四、讓步狀語從句、方式狀語從句和比較狀語從句中的倒裝
1、在某些讓步狀語從句中,通常要求用倒裝句,由as引起的情況較多;由as引出的讓步狀語從句主要有以下三種句型結(jié)構(gòu):
句型一:adj./V-ed分詞/n.+as+S +be +main clause。例如:
_______ as it was at such a time,his work attracted much attention.
A)Being published
B)Published
C)Publishing
D)To be published(CET-4,1996.1-26,選B)
句型二:adv.+as+S+v.+main clause。例如:
_______ ,he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A)Although much he likes her
B)Much although he likes her
C)As he likes her much
D)Much as he likes her (CET-4,2000.6-49,選D)
句型三:v.+as+S+mod.v./aux.v. +main clause。例如:
Ask as we would,he pretended to know nothing about it.
Object as you may,we'll go on our jour- ney as planned.
2、在比較狀語從句中,如果主語不是人稱代詞,常常可以在主語前添加助動(dòng)詞do(be)代替前面出現(xiàn)過的動(dòng)詞。這時(shí),比較對(duì)象放在這個(gè)do(be)后面,形成一種部分倒裝的形式;在the more引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中,其所修飾的名詞應(yīng)隨之移至主謂語之前,而形成部分倒裝。例如:
1)He always spends more time on that useless matter than do the others.
2)The living standard of the people is higher than was the case ten years ago.
3)Many people take it for granted that the more children one has,the more secure one's late years will be.
3、在由no matter how,however和how引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中,其后的形容詞、副詞應(yīng)隨其移至主謂語之前,而形成部分倒裝。例如:
1)However hard he tried,he still failed in the entrance exam.
2)No matter how badly they had slept she was always up early.
五、在由"so+adv./adj.+ that"和"such that"引出的結(jié)果狀語從句中,要求用倒裝句。例如:
1)So far does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
2)So suddenly was the attack that we had no time to escape.
3)So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.
六、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出句子的某一部分,往往可以用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)A very capable young man he is.
2)Very grateful we are for your help.
3)Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library,an auditorium and recreation rooms.
4)Standing beside the table was an interpreter.
七、在感嘆的句子中,往往要求用倒裝句。當(dāng)一個(gè)句子包含一個(gè)帶補(bǔ)語的復(fù)合謂語,而補(bǔ)語又被what或how修飾時(shí),要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1)What a great project it is!
2)How beautiful these hills look with the clouds behind them !
前四類倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試的重點(diǎn),不僅在詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)題中會(huì)出現(xiàn),在閱讀理解題中、完形填空題(或改錯(cuò)題)中、簡短回答題中,甚至在翻譯題中都可能出現(xiàn),而且歷年的考試都有所涉及,掌握好倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)于理解英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)及其含義是十分重要的,希望考生在學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)有關(guān)內(nèi)容時(shí)應(yīng)該特別加以注意,以免"大意失荊州"。
英語四級(jí)語法:倒裝句的幾種形式由自學(xué)庫英語網(wǎng)小編整理,僅供參考。