英語北師大版一輪復(fù)習(xí)講練：Part II 語法部分專題11 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語氣

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　　專題十一　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語氣

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

　　一、定義

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說話人對某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。

　　二、特點(diǎn)

　　1．有一定詞義；

　　2．不受主語人稱和數(shù)的變化影響；

　　3．與主要?jiǎng)釉~的原形(或稱不帶to的不定式)一起構(gòu)成謂語(除ought to作固定詞組看待)。

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟的動(dòng)詞需用原形，否定式構(gòu)成是在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 “not”。個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在式和過去式兩種形式，過去式用來表達(dá)更加客氣，委婉的語氣，時(shí)態(tài)性不強(qiáng)，可用于過去，現(xiàn)在或?qū)怼Ｇ閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞屬非及物動(dòng)詞，故沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　基本助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是，基本助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義，而情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞則有自己的詞義，能表示說話人對有關(guān)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法，或表示主觀設(shè)想。

　　三、用法

　　1．can (could)

　　Everyone here can speak English. (表能力)

　　He can't / couldn't have seen her there. (表猜測)

　　He could have gone home. (表猜測)

　　Could / Can I use your pen?

　　Yes, of course you can. (表允許)

　　How can you be so careless? (表懷疑、驚異，主要用于否定、疑問句)

　　Can / Could you lend me a hand? (表委婉發(fā)表觀點(diǎn))

　　2．may (might)

　　You may take whatever you like.(表允許，證據(jù)更委婉)

　　注：在回答以may引起的問句時(shí)，多避免用這個(gè)詞，而用其他方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don't. / You'd better not. / No, you mustn't.等，以免顯得太嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)或不客氣。

　　They might be having a meeting, but I'm not sure. (表可能)

　　3．must

　　You must buy a ticket. (表義務(wù)，意為“必須”)

　　注：回答Must...? 引出的問句時(shí)，肯定回答用must; 否定回答不能用mustn't, 而要用needn't或don't have to。

　　—Must I finish my homework now?

　　—Yes, you must.(No, you needn't / don't have to.)

　　This must be Lucy's. (表猜測，意為“想必；準(zhǔn)是；一定”等，用于肯定)

　　“must have ＋過去分詞”表示“想必”之意，表示對過去的事情的推測。

　　4．shall

　　Shall I play soccer after supper?

　　May I play soccer after supper?

　　If you don't behave yourself, you shall be punished.

　　5．will

　　I will do anything for you. 我愿為你做任何事。 (表意愿，用于各種人稱陳述句)

　　Will you give me a cigarette? Or I will tell the boss.(表請求，用于疑問句)

　　She will stand there sleeping for hours. (表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)

　　6．should

　　You shouldn't be so careless. (表義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”，用于各種人稱)

　　They should have arrived in Beijing by this time. (表推測，意為“想必一定、照說應(yīng)該、估計(jì)”等)

　　It is simply a miracle that rice should grow in such a place. (表示語氣較強(qiáng)的意為“假設(shè)；萬一；竟然”)

　　7．would

　　I said I would do anything for you. (表意愿)

　　Would you please tell me the way to the nearest bus stop? (表委婉地提出請求、建議或看法)

　　When he had a problem to solve, he would work at it until he found an answer. (表過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或過去的一種傾向)

　　8．ought to

　　I really ought to phone my mother.(表義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”，口氣比should稍重)

　　There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. (表推測，暗含很大的可能，語氣較弱)

　　9．used to

　　There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. (表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生或不復(fù)存在)

　　I usedn't / didn't use to smoke. (否定式)

　　Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? (疑問式)

　　虛擬語氣

　　一、定義

　　虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示二、用法

　　1．虛擬語氣用于非真實(shí)條件句中，一是在if條件狀語從句中；二是在含蓄虛擬條件句中，通過with, without, but for和動(dòng)詞不定式短語等表示虛擬的條件或句中含有or, or else, otherwise, but等詞語，暗示句子的某一部分(前句或后句)需用虛擬語氣。。

　　? 條件狀語從句主句

　　與過去事實(shí)相反 had ＋過去分詞 should / would / could / might ＋ have ＋過去分詞

　　與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反一般過去時(shí) (be用were) would / should / could / might ＋動(dòng)詞原形

　　與將來事實(shí)相反一般過去時(shí)或(should / were to) ＋動(dòng)詞原形 would / should / could / might ＋動(dòng)詞原形

　　If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?/p>

　　If it hadn't been for your assistance, we wouldn't have succeeded. ＝ But for your assistance, we wouldn't have succeeded. ＝ Without your assistance，we wouldn't have succeeded.要不是你的幫助，我們就不會(huì)成功了。

　　If I asked him, I'm sure he'd help us.如果我向他提出要求，肯定他會(huì)幫助我們。

　　注意：錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句，即條件從句與主句所指時(shí)間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚藭r(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境情況，結(jié)合上面提到的三種基本類型對時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。

　　If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下過雨的話，現(xiàn)在地面就會(huì)是濕的。

　　You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你當(dāng)時(shí)聽我的話，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好多了。

　　2．虛擬語氣用于主要是表示命令、要求、建議的動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中。常見動(dòng)詞：一個(gè)堅(jiān)持：insist；兩個(gè)命令：order, command；三個(gè)建議：advise, suggest, propose；五個(gè)要求：demand, require, request, desire，ask。這些動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句要使用虛擬語氣用法。即從句中的動(dòng)詞使用should ＋動(dòng)詞原形，或者將should省略。

　　Mr Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention (should) be discussed at the meeting. 約翰森先生堅(jiān)持應(yīng)該

　　在會(huì)議外討論這個(gè)值得注意的問題。

　　He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他們到歐洲去。

　　He suggested that we should leave early. 他建議我們早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身。

　　He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。

　　注意：insist作“堅(jiān)持說；強(qiáng)調(diào)”解時(shí)，賓語從句不用虛擬語氣；只有當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)”解時(shí)，賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。

　　The stranger we caught insisted that he had never stolen anything. 我們抓住的那個(gè)陌生人堅(jiān)持說他什么東西也沒偷。

　　3．虛擬語氣用于wish后的賓語從句中，表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，意為“可惜……；…… 就好了；悔不該……；但愿……”等。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式；表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用“would (could)＋動(dòng)詞原形”；表示過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用“had ＋過去分詞”或“(could) would have＋過去分詞”。

　　She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔的是她當(dāng)時(shí)要是留在家里就好了。(與過去相反)

　　I wish you would go with us tomorrow.要是你明天同我們一起去就好了。(與將來相反)

　　I wish I were you. 我要是你就好了。(與現(xiàn)在相反)

　　4．虛擬語氣用在would rather后的從句中。若與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)不符，從句用一般過去時(shí)；若與過去事實(shí)不符，從句用過去完成時(shí)。

　　I would rather you paid me now. 我希望你現(xiàn)在就給我錢。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

　　I would rather you had attended the meeting yesterday. 我希望你昨天參加會(huì)議了。(與過去事實(shí)相反)

　　5．虛擬語氣用于以as if (as though) 引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中。

　　如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)；表示與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用“had ＋過去分詞”；表示與將來事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用“would (might, could) ＋動(dòng)詞原形”。

　　The coach always treats the players as if they were his own children.教練對待隊(duì)員就像是對自己的孩子。

　　She was suffering from a bad cold. Her head felt as if it would burst。她正患重感冒，頭疼的感覺就像要炸開一樣。

　　但as if (as though) 后的從句也常用陳述語氣，這是因?yàn)閺木渲械那闆r往往是可能發(fā)生的或可能被設(shè)想為真實(shí)的。

　　It looks as if it is going to rain. 似乎要下雨。

　　6．虛擬語氣用于if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中。

　　If only I knew his name！我要是知道他的名字就好了。

　　If only I had known the answer when my teacher questioned me.老師提問時(shí)，我要是知道答案就好了。

　　7．“It's necessary / strange / natural / important ＋ that...”在主語從句中的動(dòng)詞要用虛擬，即(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形，表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等。

　　It is important that we (should) have a good knowledge of computer in modern times.在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，有電腦常識是非常重要的。

　　It is necessary that these useful expressions (should) be learnt by heart.我們記住這些有用的表達(dá)方式是很有必要的。

　　It is suggested that she should finish her task this afternoon.有人建議她下午就應(yīng)完成任務(wù)。

　　注意：這種從句表示的是事實(shí)，如果不表示驚奇，that從句也可用陳述語氣。

　　8．表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣。

　　在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即 (should) ＋動(dòng)詞原形。

　　My suggestion is that the project (should) be completed by the end of the year.我建議工程應(yīng)該在年底前竣工。

　　We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for the National Day military parade.他提出去北京看國慶閱兵的建議，我們都非常贊成。

　　9．虛擬語氣用于定語從句

　　這種從句常用在“It is (high) time (that) ...”句型中，定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，或“should ＋動(dòng)詞原形(should不能省略，be用were)”來表示，意為“(現(xiàn)在)該……”。

　　It's high time that you should stop smoking.你該戒煙了。

　　10．虛擬語氣用于其他幾種結(jié)構(gòu)

　　在某些虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)中沒有if條件句，虛擬條件是用其他形式表示出來，這種現(xiàn)象在語法上稱為“含蓄條件句”。含蓄條件具體分為以下幾種情況：

　　1)通過動(dòng)詞不定式短語表示條件

　　You would be a fool to refuse his offer. ＝ If you should refuse his offer, you would be a fool. 要是你拒絕他的建議，就太傻了。

　　2)通過介詞短語表達(dá)條件

　　But for your help, we couldn't have succeeded. ＝ If it had not been for your help, we wouldn't have succeeded. 要不是你的幫忙，我們就不會(huì)成功了。

　　3)通過連詞otherwise, or, but, that, though, once等表達(dá)條件

　　She wasn't feeling very well. Otherwise she would have attended the meeting.她本可以參加會(huì)議，但是她當(dāng)時(shí)感覺不舒服。

　　4)通過“Were it not for...”或“Had it not been for...”等句式表達(dá)條件

　　Were it not for / If it were not for the leadership of the Party, we could not live a happy life.要不是黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，我們不可能過幸福生活。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

　　Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains.要不是這位好心的向?qū)В铱赡芫驮谏街忻月妨恕?(與過去事實(shí)相反)

　　5)通過分詞短語表達(dá)條件

　　Given more information, they could have done the job better.倘若給予更多的信息，他們本來可以把工作做得更好。(＝ If they had been given more information...)

　　高考對情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考查命題熱點(diǎn)主要集中在以下幾個(gè)方面：

　　1．注重在語言環(huán)境中根據(jù)說話人的語氣來使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

　　2．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測或判斷的用法考查。

　　3．設(shè)置場景考查學(xué)生熟練使用表示責(zé)備等的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加完成時(shí)的用法等。

　　4．虛擬語氣是歷年高考的選考考點(diǎn)，考點(diǎn)常集中在含蓄條件句以及賓語從句中的虛擬語氣上。所設(shè)選項(xiàng)常通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示，而且都是結(jié)合具體語境來考查對考點(diǎn)的運(yùn)用能力。今后高考對虛擬語氣的命題重點(diǎn)仍會(huì)是在特定語境中考查虛擬語氣中的含蓄虛擬條件句、賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞等。2011全國卷,32】They

　　have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.

　　A.will

　　B.can

　　C.must

　　D.should

　　【考點(diǎn)】考查虛擬語氣的用法。

　　【解析】句意為“他們本該午飯時(shí)到達(dá)，但他們的航班推遲了。”will have done將來可以完成；can have done可能做過……嗎？表示對過去行為的懷疑，用于疑問句；must have done一定做過某事，表示對過去事情的肯定推測；should have done本來應(yīng)該做某事，而實(shí)際沒做。but their flight was delayed這樣的結(jié)果，說明他們本來該到達(dá)卻沒有到達(dá)，因此選D。

　　2011全國卷II,8】If you

　　smoke, please go outside.

　　A. can

　　B. should

　　C. must

　　D. may

　　【考點(diǎn)】考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法。

　　【解析】句意為“如果你非得要抽煙，請到外面去抽。”must (表示主張)一定要，堅(jiān)持要。根據(jù)后一句please go outside的要求，選C。

　　2011北京卷,24】——I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?

　　Don’t worry. He

　　come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.

　　A. must not