2024屆廣東省廣州市天河中學(xué)高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一輪復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:動(dòng)詞的-ing形式02(含答案)
D.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ? 1. 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),和一個(gè)名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。 ? We heard the children shouting upstairs.?? 我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)孩子們?cè)跇巧辖泻啊?? I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下車的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人從銀行里跑出來(lái)。 ? I felt my heart beating violently.?? 我覺(jué)得我的心在猛烈地跳動(dòng)。 ? 2.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 ? 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動(dòng)詞后,既可用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作 正在進(jìn)行;用不定式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了,即動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程結(jié)束了。 ? He saw a girl getting on the car. 他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩在上汽車。 (She was getting on the car.) ? He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.? 他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩上車開(kāi)走了。 (She got on the car and drove off.) ? Do you hear someone knocking at the door 你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人在敲門(mén)嗎? (Someone is knocking at the door.) ? Do you hear someone knock at the door 你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人敲門(mén)了嗎? (Someone knocked at the door just now.)
提示: ? 如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是一系列的動(dòng)作,通常只能用不定式來(lái)表示,不用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。 ? I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette. 我看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)房間,坐了下來(lái),點(diǎn)燃了一根香煙。 ? 3.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 ? They should not leave us wondering what they will do next. 他們不應(yīng)該不讓我們知道他們下一步要做什么。 ? I won't have you running about in the room. 我不允許你在房間里跑來(lái)跑去。 ? We kept the fire burning all night long.?? 我們使火整夜燃燒著。
E.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作定語(yǔ)
1.單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可以作前置定語(yǔ),一般有兩種含義。 ? ①說(shuō)明被修飾名詞的用途和性能。 ? a reading room= a room which is used for reading閱覽室 ? running shoes= shoes for running跑鞋 ? a working method = a method of working工作方法 ? 必背: ? a sewing machine? 縫紉機(jī) ? a swimming pool?? 游泳池 ? a drawing board?? 畫(huà)板? ? a dining car?? 餐車 ? a driving permit?? 駕駛許可證 ? a walking stick?? 手杖 ? a singing competition? 歌詠比賽 ? a waiting room?? 候車室 ? ②表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。 ? developing countries = countries that are developing發(fā)展中國(guó)家 ? an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起來(lái)很普通的房子 ? a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困擾人的問(wèn)題 ? The working people are masters of our country. 勞動(dòng)人民是我們國(guó)家的主人。 ? Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要惹麻煩。
必背: ? a disappointing play令人失望的戲劇 ? an astonishing adventure 驚人的冒險(xiǎn) ? boiling water?正在沸騰的水 ? a sleeping baby?? 熟睡的嬰兒 ? a barking dog ?狂吠的狗 ? the setting sun?? 落日 ? the coming week?下一周 ? failing sight? 逐漸衰退的視力2.作定語(yǔ)的-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語(yǔ),則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。 ? The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 裝著醋的那個(gè)瓶子應(yīng)送到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去。 ? They lived in a house facing south.?? 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。 ? The book being discussed a lot will be published next month. 人們談?wù)摵芏嗟哪潜緯?shū)下一個(gè)月將出版。 ? 3.有些情況下,動(dòng)詞的-ing形式不能用來(lái)作定語(yǔ),必須使用定語(yǔ)從句。 ? ①作定語(yǔ)的-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作要與主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,如兩者不能同時(shí)發(fā)生的話,則需使用定語(yǔ)從句。 ? 【誤】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. ? 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天來(lái)的教授將要給我們作一個(gè)講座。 ? ②-ing形式的完成式一般只用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ),不作定語(yǔ)。 ? 【誤】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. ? 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要修建了。
F.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可以作狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞,在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。-ing形式作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)多位于句首;作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句末。 ? 1.表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫(huà),她想起了自己的童年。(= When she saw those pictures...) ? Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. 我們已經(jīng)作好了充分準(zhǔn)備,現(xiàn)在可以應(yīng)考了。(= After we have made full preparation...) ? 2.表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂罚也荒馨堰@本書(shū)送給他。(= As I don't know his address...) ? Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病,他昨天沒(méi)有上學(xué)。(= Since he was ill...) ? 3.表示結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。 ? His father died, leaving him a lot of money.?? 他父親死了,留給他許多錢。(= ... and left him a lot of money) ? She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生氣,把玩具扔在地上,摔成了碎片。(= ... and broke it into pieces...) ? 4.表示條件,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. 順著這條路一直走,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)那家百貨商店。(= If you go straight down the road...) ? Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. 如果你努力學(xué)習(xí),就一定能成功。(= If you work hard at your lessons...) ? 5.表示讓步,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。(= Although they knew all this...) ? Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car. 他雖然努力地干,但仍然掙不夠買車的錢。(= Though he worked hard as he did...) ? 6.表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。 ? He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地望著天空。(= ...and stared at the sky for a long time) ? She came into the house, carrying a lot of books. 她捧著許多書(shū)走進(jìn)了房間。(= ...and carried a lot of books) ? 三、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)
A.作主語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)對(duì)于談話雙方是不言而喻的。 ? Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。(Reading aloud的邏輯主語(yǔ)是泛指任何人,因而無(wú)需表達(dá)出來(lái)) ? 提示: ? 如果作主語(yǔ)的-ing 形式需要自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用物主代詞或名詞所有格(即名詞后加's)。 ? His father's falling ill worried him greatly. 他父親生病使他很著急。(his father是falling ill的邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us. 你來(lái)和我們一道工作,對(duì)我們是很大的鼓舞。(you是coming to work with us的邏輯主語(yǔ))
B.作表語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是句子中的主語(yǔ),但作表語(yǔ)的-ing 形式也可帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 ? What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night. 我擔(dān)心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太遲。(staying too late every night的邏輯主語(yǔ)是Julia) ? The main problem is your not having practiced a lot. 主要的問(wèn)題是你缺乏大量的練習(xí)。(not having practiced a lot的邏輯主語(yǔ)是you)
C.作定語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它修飾的名詞。 ? an interesting book 一本有意思的書(shū) = a book that interests its readers ? a running stream 一條奔流的小溪= a stream that is running ? 如果-ing形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,就要用-ing形式的被動(dòng)式。 ? The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. 正在北京召開(kāi)的會(huì)議非常重要。 (邏輯主語(yǔ)the meeting 和“舉行”之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的,所以用being held
D.作賓語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)常是句子中的主語(yǔ)。如要明確動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,也可以在-ing形式前加上名詞或代詞表示邏輯主語(yǔ)。 ? I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people. 我不能想像約翰會(huì)在這么多人前面發(fā)言。(John是giving a speech的邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.? 他被某人的敲門(mén)聲吵醒了。(someone是knocking at the door的邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? The boss understood himhis wanting to leave. 老板明白他為什么要離職。(“他”是wanting to leave邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? 比較: ? He insisted on doing it himself. 他堅(jiān)持要自己做。(doing it的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)“他”) ? He insisted on my doing it. 他堅(jiān)持要我做。(doing it的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“我”) ? Would you mind opening the window 請(qǐng)你把窗子打開(kāi)好嗎?(opening the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“你”) ? Would you mind my opening the window 你介意我把窗子打開(kāi)嗎?(opening the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“我”)
E.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? 動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它前面的賓語(yǔ)。 ? We often hear her singing this song. 我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她唱這首歌。(singing this song的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“她”) ? We often hear this song (being) sung. 我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被人唱。(邏輯主語(yǔ)“this song”和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)“唱”的關(guān)系是被動(dòng),所以用-ing形式的被動(dòng)式或-ed分詞。)
F.作狀語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing 形式
1.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 ? Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 走進(jìn)教室,我發(fā)現(xiàn)里面沒(méi)人。(entering的邏輯主語(yǔ)是I,相當(dāng)于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.) ? 如-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作不是句中主語(yǔ)發(fā)出或承受的,那就是誤用。這種無(wú)依著的-ing形式,語(yǔ)法上稱之為“垂懸分詞”。 ? 【誤】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. (looking out through the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the garden,顯然不對(duì)) ? 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden. 從窗戶看出去,我們看見(jiàn)一個(gè)漂亮的花園。 ? 【誤】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. (邏輯主語(yǔ)是dog,它不會(huì)看晚報(bào)) ? 【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 我看著晚報(bào)的時(shí)候,一只狗開(kāi)始叫起來(lái)。 ? 2.如不能和句子中的主語(yǔ)保持一致,該-ing形式必須有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),通常有名詞或代詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。 ? The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 末班車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了,我們不得不走回家。(having gone的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the last bus,而不是we) ? Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. 天氣允許的話,足球賽將在周五舉行。(permitting的邏輯主語(yǔ)是time,而不是the football match) ? 注意: ? 高中階段有一些固定的-ing形式短語(yǔ),如generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing...等,它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)可以和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致。這種-ing短語(yǔ)可當(dāng)作一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)。 ? Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.?一般說(shuō)來(lái),男孩比女孩對(duì)科學(xué)更感興趣。 ? Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看,他一定來(lái)自加拿大。 ? Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考慮到他是多么的窮,我們決定讓他免費(fèi)聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)。 ? Supposing it rains what will you do 假使下雨,你會(huì)怎么辦呢?
D.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ? 1. 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),和一個(gè)名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。 ? We heard the children shouting upstairs.?? 我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)孩子們?cè)跇巧辖泻啊?? I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下車的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人從銀行里跑出來(lái)。 ? I felt my heart beating violently.?? 我覺(jué)得我的心在猛烈地跳動(dòng)。 ? 2.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 ? 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動(dòng)詞后,既可用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作 正在進(jìn)行;用不定式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了,即動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程結(jié)束了。 ? He saw a girl getting on the car. 他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩在上汽車。 (She was getting on the car.) ? He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.? 他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩上車開(kāi)走了。 (She got on the car and drove off.) ? Do you hear someone knocking at the door 你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人在敲門(mén)嗎? (Someone is knocking at the door.) ? Do you hear someone knock at the door 你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人敲門(mén)了嗎? (Someone knocked at the door just now.)
提示: ? 如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是一系列的動(dòng)作,通常只能用不定式來(lái)表示,不用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。 ? I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette. 我看見(jiàn)他走進(jìn)房間,坐了下來(lái),點(diǎn)燃了一根香煙。 ? 3.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 ? They should not leave us wondering what they will do next. 他們不應(yīng)該不讓我們知道他們下一步要做什么。 ? I won't have you running about in the room. 我不允許你在房間里跑來(lái)跑去。 ? We kept the fire burning all night long.?? 我們使火整夜燃燒著。
E.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作定語(yǔ)
1.單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可以作前置定語(yǔ),一般有兩種含義。 ? ①說(shuō)明被修飾名詞的用途和性能。 ? a reading room= a room which is used for reading閱覽室 ? running shoes= shoes for running跑鞋 ? a working method = a method of working工作方法 ? 必背: ? a sewing machine? 縫紉機(jī) ? a swimming pool?? 游泳池 ? a drawing board?? 畫(huà)板? ? a dining car?? 餐車 ? a driving permit?? 駕駛許可證 ? a walking stick?? 手杖 ? a singing competition? 歌詠比賽 ? a waiting room?? 候車室 ? ②表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。 ? developing countries = countries that are developing發(fā)展中國(guó)家 ? an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起來(lái)很普通的房子 ? a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困擾人的問(wèn)題 ? The working people are masters of our country. 勞動(dòng)人民是我們國(guó)家的主人。 ? Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要惹麻煩。
必背: ? a disappointing play令人失望的戲劇 ? an astonishing adventure 驚人的冒險(xiǎn) ? boiling water?正在沸騰的水 ? a sleeping baby?? 熟睡的嬰兒 ? a barking dog ?狂吠的狗 ? the setting sun?? 落日 ? the coming week?下一周 ? failing sight? 逐漸衰退的視力2.作定語(yǔ)的-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語(yǔ),則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。 ? The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 裝著醋的那個(gè)瓶子應(yīng)送到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去。 ? They lived in a house facing south.?? 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。 ? The book being discussed a lot will be published next month. 人們談?wù)摵芏嗟哪潜緯?shū)下一個(gè)月將出版。 ? 3.有些情況下,動(dòng)詞的-ing形式不能用來(lái)作定語(yǔ),必須使用定語(yǔ)從句。 ? ①作定語(yǔ)的-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作要與主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,如兩者不能同時(shí)發(fā)生的話,則需使用定語(yǔ)從句。 ? 【誤】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. ? 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天來(lái)的教授將要給我們作一個(gè)講座。 ? ②-ing形式的完成式一般只用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ),不作定語(yǔ)。 ? 【誤】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. ? 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要修建了。
F.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可以作狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞,在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。-ing形式作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)多位于句首;作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句末。 ? 1.表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些畫(huà),她想起了自己的童年。(= When she saw those pictures...) ? Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. 我們已經(jīng)作好了充分準(zhǔn)備,現(xiàn)在可以應(yīng)考了。(= After we have made full preparation...) ? 2.表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him. 因?yàn)椴恢浪牡刂罚也荒馨堰@本書(shū)送給他。(= As I don't know his address...) ? Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病,他昨天沒(méi)有上學(xué)。(= Since he was ill...) ? 3.表示結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。 ? His father died, leaving him a lot of money.?? 他父親死了,留給他許多錢。(= ... and left him a lot of money) ? She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生氣,把玩具扔在地上,摔成了碎片。(= ... and broke it into pieces...) ? 4.表示條件,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Going straight down the road, you will find the department store. 順著這條路一直走,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)那家百貨商店。(= If you go straight down the road...) ? Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. 如果你努力學(xué)習(xí),就一定能成功。(= If you work hard at your lessons...) ? 5.表示讓步,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 ? Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。(= Although they knew all this...) ? Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car. 他雖然努力地干,但仍然掙不夠買車的錢。(= Though he worked hard as he did...) ? 6.表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。 ? He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. 他躺在草地上,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地望著天空。(= ...and stared at the sky for a long time) ? She came into the house, carrying a lot of books. 她捧著許多書(shū)走進(jìn)了房間。(= ...and carried a lot of books) ? 三、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)
A.作主語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)對(duì)于談話雙方是不言而喻的。 ? Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。(Reading aloud的邏輯主語(yǔ)是泛指任何人,因而無(wú)需表達(dá)出來(lái)) ? 提示: ? 如果作主語(yǔ)的-ing 形式需要自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用物主代詞或名詞所有格(即名詞后加's)。 ? His father's falling ill worried him greatly. 他父親生病使他很著急。(his father是falling ill的邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us. 你來(lái)和我們一道工作,對(duì)我們是很大的鼓舞。(you是coming to work with us的邏輯主語(yǔ))
B.作表語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是句子中的主語(yǔ),但作表語(yǔ)的-ing 形式也可帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 ? What worries me most is Julia's staying too late every night. 我擔(dān)心的是她天天晚上熬夜熬得太遲。(staying too late every night的邏輯主語(yǔ)是Julia) ? The main problem is your not having practiced a lot. 主要的問(wèn)題是你缺乏大量的練習(xí)。(not having practiced a lot的邏輯主語(yǔ)是you)
C.作定語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它修飾的名詞。 ? an interesting book 一本有意思的書(shū) = a book that interests its readers ? a running stream 一條奔流的小溪= a stream that is running ? 如果-ing形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,就要用-ing形式的被動(dòng)式。 ? The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. 正在北京召開(kāi)的會(huì)議非常重要。 (邏輯主語(yǔ)the meeting 和“舉行”之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的,所以用being held
D.作賓語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? -ing 形式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)常是句子中的主語(yǔ)。如要明確動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,也可以在-ing形式前加上名詞或代詞表示邏輯主語(yǔ)。 ? I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many people. 我不能想像約翰會(huì)在這么多人前面發(fā)言。(John是giving a speech的邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.? 他被某人的敲門(mén)聲吵醒了。(someone是knocking at the door的邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? The boss understood himhis wanting to leave. 老板明白他為什么要離職。(“他”是wanting to leave邏輯主語(yǔ)) ? 比較: ? He insisted on doing it himself. 他堅(jiān)持要自己做。(doing it的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)“他”) ? He insisted on my doing it. 他堅(jiān)持要我做。(doing it的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“我”) ? Would you mind opening the window 請(qǐng)你把窗子打開(kāi)好嗎?(opening the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“你”) ? Would you mind my opening the window 你介意我把窗子打開(kāi)嗎?(opening the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“我”)
E.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的-ing 形式 ? 動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它前面的賓語(yǔ)。 ? We often hear her singing this song. 我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她唱這首歌。(singing this song的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“她”) ? We often hear this song (being) sung. 我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被人唱。(邏輯主語(yǔ)“this song”和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)“唱”的關(guān)系是被動(dòng),所以用-ing形式的被動(dòng)式或-ed分詞。)
F.作狀語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing 形式
1.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 ? Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 走進(jìn)教室,我發(fā)現(xiàn)里面沒(méi)人。(entering的邏輯主語(yǔ)是I,相當(dāng)于when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.) ? 如-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作不是句中主語(yǔ)發(fā)出或承受的,那就是誤用。這種無(wú)依著的-ing形式,語(yǔ)法上稱之為“垂懸分詞”。 ? 【誤】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. (looking out through the window的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the garden,顯然不對(duì)) ? 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden. 從窗戶看出去,我們看見(jiàn)一個(gè)漂亮的花園。 ? 【誤】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. (邏輯主語(yǔ)是dog,它不會(huì)看晚報(bào)) ? 【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 我看著晚報(bào)的時(shí)候,一只狗開(kāi)始叫起來(lái)。 ? 2.如不能和句子中的主語(yǔ)保持一致,該-ing形式必須有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),通常有名詞或代詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。 ? The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 末班車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了,我們不得不走回家。(having gone的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the last bus,而不是we) ? Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday. 天氣允許的話,足球賽將在周五舉行。(permitting的邏輯主語(yǔ)是time,而不是the football match) ? 注意: ? 高中階段有一些固定的-ing形式短語(yǔ),如generally speaking, judging from..., considering..., talking of..., supposing...等,它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)可以和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致。這種-ing短語(yǔ)可當(dāng)作一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)。 ? Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.?一般說(shuō)來(lái),男孩比女孩對(duì)科學(xué)更感興趣。 ? Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 從他的口音看,他一定來(lái)自加拿大。 ? Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考慮到他是多么的窮,我們決定讓他免費(fèi)聽(tīng)音樂(lè)會(huì)。 ? Supposing it rains what will you do 假使下雨,你會(huì)怎么辦呢?