高三英語二輪 三輪總復習重點突破 專題三 閱讀理解 試題分析與技巧點撥課件
74. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3? A. Body language is unique to humans. B. Animals express emotions just as humans do. C. Humans have other powers of communication. D. Humans are not different from animals to some degree.A項片面地強調body language是人類的唯一性，B項錯在強調了動物與人類的完全等同，C項錯在可以從第三段首句直接得出，不需要推斷，D項“在某種程度上，人類確實與動物沒什么不同。”D項正確是因為與本段的暗示相吻合。
75. This passage is mainly about ________. A. the development of body language B. the special role humans play in nature C. the power to convey information to others主題句在首段，同時C項“傳達信息給別人的能力”，是文章自始至終所闡述的觀點；A項是指“肢體語言的發展”，只是將文章的細節擴大；B項“人類在自然界的特殊作用”，不夠具體；D項是指“人類與動物在語言應用方面的差異”，是文章的細節，而不是主要闡述的觀點。 D. the difference between humans and animals in language use (2)在尾句或尾段 例：(2010·重慶，A篇) One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest (卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.
We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide range of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked， “May I get you something？” “A coffee would be nice.” Then I bought him a cup of coffee. We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee. Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked， “How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath？” “Who？” “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.” I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the world's richest and most powerful men! My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treateveryone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and to meet anotherhuman being with kindness and sincerity . 59. What is the message mainly expressed in the story? A. We should learn to be generous. B. It is honorable to help those in need. C. People in high positions are not like what we expect. D．We should avoid judging people by their appearances.文章最后一段為點題段，由本段內容可知，作者旨在告訴人們對任何人都要真誠、友好，即不要以貌取人。
(3)需要歸納分析 例：(2010·四川，B篇) Boiler rooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is clean and cool.Fox Point is a very new 47-unit living building in South Bronx，one of the city's poorest areas. Two-thirds of the people living there areformerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid by the government.The rest are low-income families. The boiler room has special equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat.
It reuses heat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions (碳排放) while also cutting costs.
Fox Point is operated by Palladia, a group that specializes in providing housing and services to needy people.Palladia received support from Enterprise Community Partners (ECP), which helps build affordable housing by providing support to housing developers. ECP has created national standards for healthy, environmentally (環境方面) clever and affordable homes which are called the Green Communities Standards. These standards include water keeping, energy saving and the use of environmentally friendly building materials. Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. Even the positioning of a window to get most daylight can help save energy.
Michael Bloomberg, New York's mayor, plans to create 165,000 affordable housing units for 500,000 New Yorkers. Almost 80% of New York City's greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of
those are caused by housing.So he recently announced that the city'sDepartment of Housing and Preservation and Development (DHPD)，whose duty is to develop and keep the city's supply of affordable housing, will require all its new projects to follow ECP's green standards.
Similar measures have been taken by other cities, such as Cleveland and Denver, but New York's DHPD is the largest city developer of affordable housing in the country. 48. What is the main purpose of this text? A. To call on people to pay more attention to housing problems. B. To prove that some standards are needed for affordable housing. C. To ask society to help homeless people and low-income families. D. To introduce healthy,
environmentally clever and affordable housing.文章比較客觀地介紹了一種健康的、環保的、人們有能力購買的房屋。 2．文章標題類 文章的標題是文章的眼睛，通過這雙“眼睛”我們可以略知文章的大意。這類題的任務是給文章加一個適當的標題。 首先，要把握好文章的大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的大意，更不可把文章的細節看成文章的大意，從而給文章加上一個觀點片面的標題。文章的標題實際上是對文章大意最簡潔的概括，標題與文章大意息息相關。 其次，給文章一個適當的標題還應抓住文章的主題句。因為文章的大意和文章的主題句總是一脈相承的，抓住了主題句就抓住了文章的靈魂。 再次，給文章加標題應注意文章的體裁和寫作目的。敘事類文章是為了記敘一件事或一個人物，表達作者的某種感情，所加標題應體現敘事類文章的特點。說明文是為了說明一個事物或過程，標題應體現說明的特點。對于一些幽默類文章，應挖掘其深層含義，所給標題應體現文章幽默的特點。 文章標題類題的提問方式有： The best title for this passage would be/ might be/ is ________. What might be the best title of this passage? The most suitable title of the passage is ________. Which is the best suggested title? 例：(2010·全國Ⅱ，B篇) When you're lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses (壓力) of the world seem a million miles away.Hey, stop! Thisis no vacation—you have to finish something！ Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic (評論家) EdieJarolim. “I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things.”Jarolim said. Now you can read her travel advice everywhere—in Arts and Antiques, in Brides, or in one of her three books, The Complete Idiot's Travel Guide to Mexico's Beach Resorts.
Her job in travel writing began some eight years ago. After getting aPhD in English in Canada, she took a test for Frommer's travel guides, passed it, and got the job. After working at Frommer's, Jarolim worked for a while at Rough Guides in London, then Fodor's, where she fell so in love with a description of the Southwest of the U．S. that she moved there. Now as a travel writer, she spends one-third of her year on the road.The rest of the time is spent completing her tasks and writing reviews of restaurants at home in Tucson, Arizona. As adventurous as the job sounds, the hard part is fact-checking all the information.Sure, it's great to write about a tourist attraction, but you'd better get the local (當地的) museum hours correct or you could really ruin someone's vacation.,,
49. What would be the best title for the text? A. Adventures in Travel Writing B. Working as a Food Critic C. Travel Guides on the Market D. Vacationing for a Living作為旅游作家，她在享受假期的同時也找到了謀生之路，所以D項最能概括文章大意，而且非常新穎。 例：(2010·安徽，E篇) The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the
world's supply of water.With 97% of the world's water too salty to bedrunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage (短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the world's agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dryareas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution (重新分配) are veryhigh.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself, but there is also anenvironmental cost to be considered. Where valleys (山谷) are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.
This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries inareas dependent on irrigation (灌溉)．In Texas, farmers' overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed. Saudi Arabia's attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry. 74. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows? A. Steps to improving water use management.通讀全文可知文章開篇點題，講述了全球水資源緊缺，需要采取完善的管理措施，緊接著第二段和第三段講述了因管理不當而造成或可能造成的嚴重后果，最后一段講沙漠地區在發展農業時由缺少水源造成的困境。由此可推斷文章接下來會講述如何改善水資源管理，故選A項。
B. Ways to reduce the costs of building dams. C. Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages. D. Approaches to handling the pressure on water supply. (三)詞義猜測題 詞義猜測型試題主要考查考生根據文章內容和所學知識推測詞義的能力，也可能是推測單詞、詞組，也可能是生詞或熟悉詞(匯)的新義，或是一些詞組的引申意義甚至整個句子。句意題涉及題材背景、句子結構、文章主旨、作者的觀點態度等，因此，要求考生結合主旨、整合上下文信息作出猜測。命題者著重考查學生利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇文脈結構等理解生詞的能力，有些題目需要在較大的上下文范圍和整個語篇理解的基礎上才能作出推斷，難度較高。 詞義猜測題常見的命題形式有： 1．What does the underlined word mean“...” in the passage? 2．The word “...” refers to/ probably means ________. 3．The underlined word “...” in Paragraph... means ________. 4．What do you think the expression “________” stands for? 5．“________” as used in the passage can best be defined as ________. 6．Which of the following words can take the place of the word “...”？ 7．The underlined word “...” is closest in meaning to ________. 8．The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by ________. 1．根據定義、解釋和復述猜測詞義 猜測生詞的方法很多，其中一條是根據定義或解釋來猜測其意義。這種情況下，生詞往往出現在前面，定義或解釋往往跟在生詞的后面，由or或破折號引出。因此只要大家找準并正確理解生詞的釋義，生詞的意義也就清楚了。復述也是一種解釋方法，即換用不同的詞語重新表達同一內容。復述部分可以是單詞、短語，也可以是從句或者句子。
在做這類題時，要注意復述與被復述部分往往構成同位語關系，在句中多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號(—)、冒號(：)或者分號(；)來連接。有時它們中間還常常插入一個起解釋作用的標志語如or, or rather, that is to say, that is, i．e., namely, say, in other words等來強調這種同位關系。 例：(2010·福建，B篇) Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. That is some way behind the U．S., where there are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet. Five million more families in Sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005, after the fall of the
Taliban (塔利班), which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghanshad one.The global total is another 150 million by 2024—pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families. 60. The underlined word “outlawed” in Paragraph 2 probably means “________”． A. allowed B. banned由文意可知，2005年塔利班垮臺以后，1/5的阿富汗人有了電視機，說明在這之前電視是被禁止的。故答案為B項，ban禁止。 C. offered D. refused 2．通過原因或結果關系猜測詞義 文章中的上下文常常有因果關系，根據原因可以推測出結果，根據結果也可以推測出原因。例如：because, since, as是連接原因狀語從句的連詞；so是連接結果狀語從句的連詞；so... that與such... that中的that是連接結果狀語從句的連詞。當這些信息詞出現在有生詞的句子中時，可以通過因果關系猜出生詞的含義。 例：(2010·全國Ⅱ，E篇) I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train
journeyand had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread.I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.
73. Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph? A. choose B. enjoy根據語境“我不是特別……乘火車長途旅行，于是帶了一些雜志反復地讀，消磨時間。”可推測“relish”意為“喜歡”，與enjoy同義。故答案為B項。 C. prepare for D. carry on
3．根據對比關系猜測詞義 這類題的上下文提示不是作者對生詞、難點所作的解釋和說明，而是需要讀者運用語言知識和分析能力去細心搜尋和領會相關信息之間存在的種種邏輯關系。根據這種邏輯關系所提供的思路和范圍，來分析判斷有關詞的詞義或相近的意義，從而達到理解全文思想內容的目的。轉折詞but，讓步條件狀語從句以及unlike, in spite of, despite, however等一些介詞和副詞都可以幫助構成意義上的對比關系。 例：(2010·湖北，B篇) For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries: Where is the line between what I control and what you do? Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any
power to stop the conflict.In part, this is becauseneither is willing to admit any responsibility for startingit. From the parents' point of view, the only cause of their fight is their adolescents' complete unreasonableness. And of course, the__teens__see__it__in__exactly__the__same__way,__except__oppositely. Both feel trapped. 56. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean? A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.句意理解題。前面的“In part, this is because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it.”指出，雙方都不愿意為發生沖突承擔責任，接著講述了父母們的看法，畫線句說到孩子與父母的看法相同，只不過方向相反，他們認為是父母的“無理”導致了沖突。 B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict. C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them. D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.
4．利用常識、自己的經驗、經歷及社會、科技等方面的知識猜測詞義 有時碰到生詞，也不必驚慌。根據對上下文或整句的理解，運用常識或相關的知識，也能猜出該生詞的含義。 例：(2010·全國Ⅱ，C篇) Beijing's skiing craze is partly a result of the recent increase in private (私有的) cars.,This has led to thegrowth of a leisure__industry in the capital's suburbs (郊區), which until the late-1990s were unreachable to ordinary people. According to Mr. Wei, about 40% of the visitors to his resort come in their own cars. The rest are bused in by schools, businesses or government offices.
52. The underlined words “leisure industry” in Paragraph 3 refer to ________. A. transport to ski resorts B. production of family cars C. business of providing spare time enjoyments私有車輛的增加說明人們生活水平提高了，娛樂活動隨之增加，同時也就促進了滑雪之類的行業的發展，由此可推測畫線部分的含義是“休閑業”。 D. part-time work for people living in the suburbs
(四)主旨大意題 主旨大意題是閱讀理解中要求較高、難度較大的題型之一，它要求考生對全文或某一部分的內容進行合理的歸納，重在考查考生的理解和概括能力。一般說來，該類題目主要是對文章或段落的中心進行陳述，或是選擇文章的標題。有些文章，尤其是說明文和議論文，往往有主題句表明中心思想；但有些文章，比如記敘文，往往沒有明確的主題句，需要考生在認真體會并明確作者的寫作意圖的基礎上概括文章的中心。 1．文章主題類 任何一篇文章都有自己的中心思想。不少文章在全文或各段的開頭便展示出文章的中心思想，這就要求考生必須抓住每個段落的中心要點，并將其進行歸納綜合，即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每個段落的中心要點往往是通過主題句來體現的。考生通過采取略讀法，以搜尋各段主題句為目標，快速掃視全文，避免逐詞理解，可提高閱讀速度。要把注意力集中在找主要信息上，而不是過分注意細節事實。一般來說，文章的主題或中心都在第一段或最后一段表明。 有些文章或段落無明顯的主題句，但字里行間無不體現主題。這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據文中所敘述的事實或提供的線索來概括總結主旨大意。 文章主題常見的提問方式有： What is the main idea of the passage? What is the main subject of this passage? What is the main topic of this passage? What does the passage mainly discuss? (1)在句首或首段 例：(2010·江西，E篇) Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television, nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability tomake noises with our mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughtsto each others's minds.This ability comes so naturally that wetend to forget what a miracle (奇跡) it is. Obviously, the ability to talk is something that marks humans off from animals. Of course, some animals have powers just as amazing. Birds can fly thousands of miles by observing positions of the stars in the sky in relation to the time of day and year. In Nature's talent show, humans are a species of animal that have developed their own special act. If we reduce it to basic terms, it's an ability for communicating information to others, by varying sounds we make as we breathe out. Not that we don't have other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy, or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called “body language”. Bristling (直立的) fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals.Similarly, the bowed head or drooping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering. Such a means of communication is a basic mechanism that animals, including human beings, instinctively acquire and display. Is the ability to speak just another sort of instinct? If so, how did human beings acquire this amazing skill? Biologists can readily indicate that particular area of our brain where speech mechanisms function, but this doesn't tell us how that part of our bodies originated in our biological history. 67. Which of the following is TRUE of Rae Armantrout? A. She published a poetry textbook. B. She used to teach Denise Levertov. C. She started a poets' group with others.由第四段的最后一句話可知，她和其他人一起發起了一個詩歌小組。由第四段首句可知她是在UC Berkeley與著名詩人Denise Levertov一起學習并取得學士學位，并在San Francisco State University獲得創造性寫作方面的碩士學位。可排除B、D兩項；從第七段對“Versed”的內容介紹，可知它不是教材，可排除A項。 D. She taught creative writing at UC Berkeley. (二)推理判斷題 推理判斷題與細節理解題最大的區別是前者需要根據文中內容去推斷言外之意；后者只需在原文中找出對應內容。我們所讀的文章往往比較含蓄，作者經常把需要我們理解的意思不直接表達出來，而是期待我們去領悟文章的內在含義。命題人恰恰就是在這方面命題。考生做題時要對文章已給的信息進行合理的分析判斷，做到“有理有據”。要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的信息；要對文章的表面信息進行挖掘加工，由表及里，由淺入深，通過分析、綜合、判斷，進行邏輯推理；同時應注意不能主觀臆斷、憑空想象，要忠實于原文，以文章提供的信息為依據。
1．組織結構題 這類題目要求考生判斷作者的寫作方法、情節的發生順序以及文章的后續內容、前后關系以及延伸意義等等。做這一類題目時，大家應該結合篇章結構知識去判斷或根據文章的內容合理推測、想象。 例：(2010·福建，A篇) F. Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24, 1896, an American novelist， was once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short while. In 1917he joined the armyand was posted in Alabama, where he met hisfuture wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her. His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary: “My own happiness in the past often approached such joy that I could not share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary.” This Side of Paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel The Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Tales of the Jazz Age
(1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923)．But his greatest successwas The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quickly brought him praise from the literary world.Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men. However, Fitzgerald's problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing.During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934
and The Love of the Last Tycoon in 1940.While his wife was in hospital
in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism. 57. Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgerald's life according to the passage? a. He became addicted to drinking. b. He studied at St. Paul Academy. c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise. d. The Great Gatsby won high praise. e. He failed to reorder his life. f. He joined the army and met Zelda.
A. f-c-e-a-b-d B. b-e-a-f-c-d C. f-d-e-c-b-a D. b-f-c-d-e-a這篇短文是人物介紹，從少年到老年的先后順序著筆，他出生于1896年，在St. Paul Academy就讀，1917年參軍，結婚，1920年出版第一部小說，進入寫作旺期，1925年出版the Geat Gatsby，由此在文學界出名，最后一段講述了1930年前后他的生活變化和創作活動。 2.文章的體裁出處題 這類題目主要針對那些文體較為復雜的文章。大家在判斷時，應該注意文章的整體特點或主體內容，不要被其紛繁的結構或“摻雜”的內容所迷惑。
例：(2010·遼寧，D篇) On May 23, 1989, Stefania Follini came out from a cave at Carlsbad, New Mexico. She hadn't seen the sun for eighteen and a half weeks.Stefania was in aresearch program, and the scientists in the program were studying body rhythms(節奏). In this experiment Stefania had spent 130 days in a cave, 30 feet in depth. During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for twowhite mice.Her living place had been very comfortable, but there had been nothingto tell her the time. She'd had no clocks or watches, no television or radio. There had been no natural light and the temperature had always been kept at 21℃.
