2024高考英語考綱解讀及熱點演練：9 非謂語動詞
近三年高考主要考查非謂語動詞的作用和形式。在作用方面主要考查作賓語時用不定式還是動名詞；作賓語、狀語、補語時用不定式還是分詞；它們作某一成分時的特殊情況及特殊結構。在形式方面主要考查用一般式還是完成式、主動式還是被動式、現在分詞還是過去分詞。1．(2024·北京，21)Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives, including your own.A．change
B．changing
C．changed
D．to change
2．(2024·福建，22)________ basic first－aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
A．Known
B．Having known
C．Knowing
D．Being known
3．(2024·山東，33)________at the cafeteria before，Tina didn't want to eat there again.
A．Having eaten
B．To eat
C．Eat
D．Eating
4．(2024·湖南，25)The sun began to rise in the sky，________the mountain in golden light.
A．bathed
B．bathing
C．to have bathed
D．have bathed
5．(2024·湖南，31)________warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.
A．Staying
B．Stayed
C．To stay
D．Stay
6．(2024·江蘇，31)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and________to ruins，the city took on a new look.
A．reducing
B．reduced
C．being reduced
D．having reduced
7．(2024·遼寧，28)Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mail________for her.
A．waited
B．to wait
C．waiting
D．was waiting
8．(2024·陜西，13)Let those in need ________ that we will go all out to help them.
A．to understand
B．understand
C．understanding
D．understood
9．(2024·陜西，14)The witnesses ________ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
A．questioned
B．being questioned
C．to be questioned
D．having questioned
10．(2024·四川，8)________which university to attend，the girl asked her teacher for advice.
A．Not knowing
B．Knowing not
C．Not known
D．Known not
謂語非謂語【例1】 ________ it with me should be a good choice.Trust me!A．When left
B．Leave
C．If you leave
D．Leaving
【例2】 Please do me a favor—________ my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.
A．to invite
B．inviting
C．invite
D．invited
謂語：謂語是對主語動作或狀態的陳述或說明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，謂語動詞的位置一般在主語之后。
非謂語：在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫作非謂語動詞。
非謂語【例3】 I can't stand ________ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses ________ talking while she works.
A．working; stopping
B．to work；stopping
C．working；to stop
D．to work；to stop
【例4】 Isn't it time you got down to ________ the papers?
A．mark
B．be marked
C．being marked
D．marking
非謂語作主語、賓語的重點
(1)it充當動詞不定式的形式主語或形式賓語
①It is important for us to learn English very well.
對我們來說學好英語是非常重要的。
②I think it important for us to learn English very well.我認為對我們來說學好英語是非常重要的。
(2)it作形式主語使用動名詞的句型
①It is no use/no good/useless＋doing sth
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。
②It is fun (a great pleasure, a waste of time) ＋doing sth
It is a waste of time trying to explain.
設法解釋是浪費時間。
非謂語【例5】 Tom sounds very much ________ in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it.
A．interested
B．interesting
C．interestingly
D．interestedly
【例6】 Please remain ________；the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
A．seating
B．seated
C．to seat
D．to be seated
非謂語作表語的重點
(1)不定式、動名詞與分詞作表語的區別。不定式和動名詞作表語相當于一個名詞作表語，含義是回答主語“是什么”；分詞作表語相當于形容詞作表語，含義是回答主語“怎么樣”。
Our plan is to keep the affair secret.
我們的計劃是讓這件事成為秘密。
Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.
他們的工作是為殘疾人制造輪椅。
The music they are playing sounds exciting.
他們演奏的音樂聽起來令人激動。
This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.這個美麗的村莊仍未被外界所知。
(2)現在分詞和過去分詞作表語的區別。現在分詞和過去分詞作表語都是用于回答主語“怎么樣”的。現在分詞說明主語的特征，過去分詞說明主語的狀態。如：
This dog is frightening.
這條狗讓人害怕。(說明狗的特征)
This dog is frightened.
這條狗有些害怕。(說明狗的心理狀態)
Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing.
爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我們都全累壞了。(tiring說明climbing的特征，tired說明我們的狀態)
非謂語【例7】 The teacher asked us ________ so much noise.
A．don't make
B．not make
C．not making
D．not to make
【例8】 —Excuse me，sir, where is Room 301?
—Just a minute.I'll have Bob ________ you to your room.
A．show
B．shows
C．to show
D．showing
非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的要點：
(1)主動關系用現在分詞，被動關系用過去分詞，將來的動作用不定式。
(2)幾個特別的結構
▲have＋賓語＋do/doing/done
①“ have ＋ 賓語＋ do sth ”意為“讓/叫/使某人做某事”。此結構中的 have 是使役動詞，賓語后的 do sth 是不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.
老板經常要他們一天工作14 個小時。
②“have ＋賓語＋ doing”意為“叫/讓/使某人做某事或讓某種情況發生”。賓語后面用現在分詞作賓語補足語，表示賓語與現在分詞表示的動作之間為主動關系，且動作正在進行。
Don't have the dog barking much, Lilin.
李林，別讓狗狂吠不停。
③“ have ＋ 賓語＋done”意為“讓/叫/使/請別人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了……，此時，主語是無意中的受動者，而不是動作的執行者”的意思。賓語后面用過去分詞作賓語補足語，說明賓語與過去分詞表示的動作之間是被動關系。
We had the machine mended just now.
我們剛才請人把機器修好了。
He had his leg injured while playing football.
他在踢足球時腿受了傷。
▲get＋賓語＋to do/doing/done
三種結構的意義請參看上述“have＋賓語＋do/doing/done”的意義解釋。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
Can you really get that old clock going again.
你真的能讓那輛舊鐘再走起來嗎？
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.
多麗絲在醫院把壞牙拔了。
▲catch sb doing sth逮住某人干某事
If she catches me reading her diary, she'll be furious.
如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會憤怒的。
▲make ＋ oneself ＋ done
oneself 與其后的過去分詞存在著動賓關系，或者說是被動關系
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。
非謂語【例9】 If there is a lot of work ________， I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.
A．to do
B．to be doing
C．done
D．doing
【例10】 If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades ________，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world.
A．coming
B．having come
C．to come
D．to be coming
1．不定式作定語
(1)不定式作定語常用于不定代詞或被the first/next/only/last等修飾的名詞和其他一些名詞、代詞之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一個將來或經常性的動作，完成式則表示該動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。
例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.
(2)如果作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞有動賓關系，在不及物動詞后通常要加上適當的介詞。
例如：Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in.
(3)不定式作定語修飾一個在邏輯上是其賓語名詞時，若在句子中能找到該不定式的邏輯主語， 則該不定式多用主動表被動，否則，用被動式。
例如： Have you got anything to say at the meeting?
(you...say ...anything)
Here is a letter to be taken to Mr.Li.
在there be句型中，有時用主動式或被動式意思不同。
比較：There is nothing to do at present.(＝We have nothing to do at present.)
There is nothing to be done at present.(＝We can do nothing at present.)
2．－ing分詞作定語
(1)單個的－ing分詞作定語一般前置，說明名詞的性質、特征或用途等，－ing短語作定語一般后置；強調動作的單個－ing分詞也常后置。
例如：a sleeping car (＝a car for sleeping )
a sleeping child (＝a child who is sleeping )
(2)－ing分詞作定語一般要求其動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生或是在說話時該動作正在進行，否則，要用從句作定語。
例如：Do you know the boy talking (＝who is talking ) to the teacher?
比較：誤：He is the man visiting our class yesterday.
正：He is the man who visited our class yesterday.
3．－ed分詞作定語
－ed分詞作定語一般表示一個被動或已完成動作，－ing分詞表示一個主動或正在進行的動作， －ing分詞的被動式則表示一個正在被進行的動作。
例如：a developed/developing country
He is a student loved by all the teachers.
The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.
4．像定語從句一樣，分詞作定語也有非限制性的，其作用相當于一個非限制性定語從句
例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.
The substance, discovered almost by accident，has greatly changed the world.
非謂語【例11】 He hurried to the booking office only ________ that all the tickets has been sold out.
A．to be told
B．to tell
C．told
D．telling
【例12】 Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，________ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A．have reached
B．reaching
C．to reach
D．to be reaching
1．現在分詞與主句的主語之間是主動關系，用來表時間、條件、原因、伴隨、結果等；第二，過去分詞與主句的主語之間是被動關系；第三，作狀語的動作發生在主句謂語動詞之前要用分詞的完成時。
2．作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞，表示處于某種狀態，如：crowded，devoted，discouraged，done，dressed，drunk，experienced，frightened，gone，hurt，interested，killed，known，learned，lost，pleased，satisfied，shut，surprised，tired，undressed，worried，astonished，broken，completed，covered等。
【例13】 Faced with a bill for $10,000，________.
A．an extra job has been given to John
B．the boss has given John an extra job
C．an extra job has been taken
D．John has taken an extra job
【例14】 ________，the more expensive the camera，the better its quality.
A．General speaking
B．Speaking general
C．Generally speaking
D．Speaking generally
【例15】 ________ with the size of the whole earth，the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.
A．Compare
B．When comparing
C．Comparing
D．When compared
1．使用分詞(短語)作句子狀語時，有一條規則必須遵守：即分詞(短語)的邏輯主語應當與句子的主語一致，否則句子就是錯句。 2．已經成為固定用法的非謂語動詞(短語)不需要遵守這條附著規則。
常見的的有：considering...(鑒于/考慮到……)，judging by/from...(從……來看，依據……來判斷)，supposing that...(假定……)，providing that...(假定……)，according to...(依據……)，including...(包括……)，owing to...(由于……)，talking/speaking of...(談及……) given...(考慮到……)，provided that...(如果……)
難點1、非謂語【例1】 It was foolish ________ you to give up what you rightly owned.
A．for
B．of
C．about
D．from
【例】 To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule ________.
A．to never break
B．never to be broken
C．never to have broken
D．never to be breaking
非謂語【例】 —What's the matter with Della?
—Well，her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party，but she still ________.
A．hopes to
B．hopes so
C．hopes not
D．hopes for
