職稱英語閱讀理解的考核目標(biāo)與例題解析六

　　5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推論

　　判斷和推理的能力對深刻理解一篇文章十分重要。特別是對理解作者字里行間的言外之意以及作者的觀點(diǎn)、寫作意圖和態(tài)度十分重要。所以這也是閱讀理解測試中常見的題目內(nèi)容。這類題常要求考生推斷文章的含義和引申意思;根據(jù)文章所提供的部分信息或文章的含義進(jìn)行歸納;判斷所節(jié)選文章的某一部分的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);有時甚至要求推斷作者的身分。下面是判斷、推理的一些常見的表達(dá)方式：

　　1. What is implied in the sentence ... ?

　　2. It is implied in the passage that

　　3. The passage implies / suggests that

　　4. It can be inferred/seen/concluded from the passage that

　　5. Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?

　　6. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?

　　7. Which of the following conclusions could best be drawn from the passage?

　　8. Based on the passage, we can assume that

　　9. We can learn from the passage that the author is

　　10. In Which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?

　　11. The paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss

　　12. What would the paragraph preceding this passage probably discuss?

　　例1

　　Do you believe in life after death? Jacks boss asked Jack.

　　Yes, sir.

　　Well, then, that makes everything just fine, the boss went on. About an hour after you left yesterday to go to your grandfathers funeral, he dropped in to see you.

　　1. What do you suppose Jack did the day before?

　　A. He attended his grandfathers funeral.

　　B. He told a lie to get the day off.

　　C. He meant to attend a funeral but didnt.

　　D. He did nothing special; he worked as usual.

　　2. What do you suppose happened to Jacks grandfather the day before?

　　A. He had been dead for some days but suddenly came to life again.

　　B. He was well and alive but his family thought he was dead and planned a funeral.

　　C. He learned that Jack had cheated his boss and came to expose him.

　　D. Nothing special happened to him; he was going about his usual business.

　　3. When the boss said, That makes everything just fine, he _______

　　A. meant he was glad that Jack s grandfather was still alive

　　B. meant he was glad that Jack believed in life after death

　　C. was, in fact, telling Jack that everything was OK

　　D. was, in fact, telling Jack that he had been found out

　　4. Who does the writer want to say was a real believer in life after death?

　　A. Jack. B. Jacks boss.

　　C. Jack s grandfather. D. No one.

　　這是一個幽默故事，它的幽默點(diǎn)往往不會直接說出來。讀者應(yīng)該領(lǐng)悟其隱含的核心信息：杰克撒謊然后被揭穿。

　　這四個問題的答案如下：1.B; 2.D; 3.D; 4.D

　　例2

　　Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population --growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

　　1. It is implied that fifty years ago

　　A. eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

　　B. twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

　　C. the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

　　D. the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was much smaller than that of industrial workers

　　本題問的是文章隱含的意思，要求讀者把腦力勞動的雇員和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人人數(shù)進(jìn)行比較。正確答案可以從最后一句找到：做腦力勞動的雇員人數(shù)增長其速度之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上與其相形見絀。所以選項(xiàng)D是正確答案。此題要求讀懂整個第一段，以便有信心地排除其他三個選項(xiàng)。這一段說到當(dāng)今美國社會中5個人中只有1人不是雇員，即80%的人是受雇傭?yàn)樗烁苫睢５珕栴}問的是50年前的情況。選項(xiàng)A用當(dāng)前的統(tǒng)計(jì)比例回答50年前的狀況，因此是錯誤的。選項(xiàng)B也是誤解，文章提到50年前1/5的人被雇傭，是一個總體的比例，不能類推出說20%的美國知識分子是雇員。選項(xiàng)C認(rèn)為勞動大軍中腦力勞動者和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人的比例一樣高。這顯然沒有看懂文章的最后～句，產(chǎn)業(yè)工人是工業(yè)革命的最早產(chǎn)物。

　　例3

　　What does a scientist do when he or she explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and deduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response -- fear.

　　1. Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs?

　　A. A child chokes on a fish bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.

　　B. A person feels lonely and after a while b~s a dog for companionship.

　　C. A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.

　　D. A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.

　　本題要求讀者在準(zhǔn)確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，從四個選項(xiàng)中找出一個適當(dāng)?shù)睦樱a(bǔ)充說明心理學(xué)家是如何解釋某種行為或心理現(xiàn)象的。本題的正確答案是A項(xiàng)。

　　例4

　　.., Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fall because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

　　1. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one ________

　　A. to be more successful in his career

　　B. to be more specialized in his field

　　C. to solve technical problems

　　D. to develop his professional skill

　　本題要求讀者對文章的意思進(jìn)行推理，準(zhǔn)確掌握employeeship一詞的含義。在這段中關(guān)于當(dāng)好雇員的表達(dá)方式有what it is to be all employee，have employeeship，和the requirements of being all employee等等。第68行就明確指出，具備雇員要素，比專門的職業(yè)知識和技能，更能影響一個人的成就。所以選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。其他三個選項(xiàng)，文章里都沒有提到，故都不正確。

　　5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推論

　　判斷和推理的能力對深刻理解一篇文章十分重要。特別是對理解作者字里行間的言外之意以及作者的觀點(diǎn)、寫作意圖和態(tài)度十分重要。所以這也是閱讀理解測試中常見的題目內(nèi)容。這類題常要求考生推斷文章的含義和引申意思;根據(jù)文章所提供的部分信息或文章的含義進(jìn)行歸納;判斷所節(jié)選文章的某一部分的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn);有時甚至要求推斷作者的身分。下面是判斷、推理的一些常見的表達(dá)方式：

　　1. What is implied in the sentence ... ?

　　2. It is implied in the passage that

　　3. The passage implies / suggests that

　　4. It can be inferred/seen/concluded from the passage that

　　5. Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?

　　6. Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?

　　7. Which of the following conclusions could best be drawn from the passage?

　　8. Based on the passage, we can assume that

　　9. We can learn from the passage that the author is

　　10. In Which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?

　　11. The paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss

　　12. What would the paragraph preceding this passage probably discuss?

　　例1

　　Do you believe in life after death? Jacks boss asked Jack.

　　Yes, sir.

　　Well, then, that makes everything just fine, the boss went on. About an hour after you left yesterday to go to your grandfathers funeral, he dropped in to see you.

　　1. What do you suppose Jack did the day before?

　　A. He attended his grandfathers funeral.

　　B. He told a lie to get the day off.

　　C. He meant to attend a funeral but didnt.

　　D. He did nothing special; he worked as usual.

　　2. What do you suppose happened to Jacks grandfather the day before?

　　A. He had been dead for some days but suddenly came to life again.

　　B. He was well and alive but his family thought he was dead and planned a funeral.

　　C. He learned that Jack had cheated his boss and came to expose him.

　　D. Nothing special happened to him; he was going about his usual business.

　　3. When the boss said, That makes everything just fine, he _______

　　A. meant he was glad that Jack s grandfather was still alive

　　B. meant he was glad that Jack believed in life after death

　　C. was, in fact, telling Jack that everything was OK

　　D. was, in fact, telling Jack that he had been found out

　　4. Who does the writer want to say was a real believer in life after death?

　　A. Jack. B. Jacks boss.

　　C. Jack s grandfather. D. No one.

　　這是一個幽默故事，它的幽默點(diǎn)往往不會直接說出來。讀者應(yīng)該領(lǐng)悟其隱含的核心信息：杰克撒謊然后被揭穿。

　　這四個問題的答案如下：1.B; 2.D; 3.D; 4.D

　　例2

　　Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago being employed meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population --growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

　　1. It is implied that fifty years ago

　　A. eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

　　B. twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

　　C. the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

　　D. the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was much smaller than that of industrial workers

　　本題問的是文章隱含的意思，要求讀者把腦力勞動的雇員和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人人數(shù)進(jìn)行比較。正確答案可以從最后一句找到：做腦力勞動的雇員人數(shù)增長其速度之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上與其相形見絀。所以選項(xiàng)D是正確答案。此題要求讀懂整個第一段，以便有信心地排除其他三個選項(xiàng)。這一段說到當(dāng)今美國社會中5個人中只有1人不是雇員，即80%的人是受雇傭?yàn)樗烁苫睢５珕栴}問的是50年前的情況。選項(xiàng)A用當(dāng)前的統(tǒng)計(jì)比例回答50年前的狀況，因此是錯誤的。選項(xiàng)B也是誤解，文章提到50年前1/5的人被雇傭，是一個總體的比例，不能類推出說20%的美國知識分子是雇員。選項(xiàng)C認(rèn)為勞動大軍中腦力勞動者和產(chǎn)業(yè)工人的比例一樣高。這顯然沒有看懂文章的最后～句，產(chǎn)業(yè)工人是工業(yè)革命的最早產(chǎn)物。

　　例3

　　What does a scientist do when he or she explains something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and deduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response -- fear.

　　1. Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of the person who fears dogs?

　　A. A child chokes on a fish bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.

　　B. A person feels lonely and after a while b~s a dog for companionship.

　　C. A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.

　　D. A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.

　　本題要求讀者在準(zhǔn)確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，從四個選項(xiàng)中找出一個適當(dāng)?shù)睦樱a(bǔ)充說明心理學(xué)家是如何解釋某種行為或心理現(xiàn)象的。本題的正確答案是A項(xiàng)。

　　例4

　　.., Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanists trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fall because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

　　1. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one ________

　　A. to be more successful in his career

　　B. to be more specialized in his field

　　C. to solve technical problems

　　D. to develop his professional skill

　　本題要求讀者對文章的意思進(jìn)行推理，準(zhǔn)確掌握employeeship一詞的含義。在這段中關(guān)于當(dāng)好雇員的表達(dá)方式有what it is to be all employee，have employeeship，和the requirements of being all employee等等。第68行就明確指出，具備雇員要素，比專門的職業(yè)知識和技能，更能影響一個人的成就。所以選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。其他三個選項(xiàng)，文章里都沒有提到，故都不正確。