2023年的職稱英語基礎知識解析：虛擬語氣
Bus travel now and then
For cities without other public transport services, if all the buses were to stop running for a day, work would come to a standstill in hundreds of offices and factories and...
l 虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣是謂語動詞的一種形式，用于表示非真實的假設，或表示命令、建議以及說話人的主觀愿望，有時也有使語氣緩和、委婉的作用。
Ⅰ、條件句中的虛擬語氣
1.構成
含有條件狀語從句的句子稱為條件句。如果所表示的條件是真實的，或者完全可能實現的，則稱為真實條件句，其主句和從句的謂語都用陳述語氣，如：
You may spoil the work if you make the same mistake again.
如果條件句表示的條件根本不可能實現或實現的可能性很小時，則稱為虛擬條件句，其主句和從句的謂語就要用虛擬語氣。謂語形式因時間不同而有所不同。現以動詞give和tell為例列表如下：
注：
① 在與現在事實相反的假設條件從句中謂語為be時，一般不分人稱，多用過去式的復數形式were。如主語為第一、三人稱單數時，也可用was
② 主句中第一人稱常用should，第二、三人稱常用would。但在美國英語中，第一人稱也常用would。主句中除should, would外，還可用could, might。
2.用法
與現在事實相反的假定。如：
If the sun stopped radiating heat and light, life on earth would be impossible.
如果太陽停止放射光和熱，地球上的生命就不可能生存。
If I were you, I should start packing now.
如果我是你，我現在就動手收拾行裝了。
與過去事實相反的假定。如：
If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
如果當時你早點開始工作的話，你早就把工作完成了。
He would have succeeded in the Sydney Olympic Games if his courage hadnt failed him.
如果他不是當時一時膽怯，他就會已經在悉尼奧運會上獲勝了。
推測未來不可能實現或實現可能性很小的假定。如：
If the director came tomorrow, I would tell him about our proposal.
如果主任明天來，我將把我們的建議告訴他。
If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
如果我生活在二十二世紀，我將在月球上度假。
What would you do if war were to break out?
如果戰爭爆發，你怎么辦?
注：
①虛擬條件從句中，如謂語中有were , had, should等詞，有時可把這些詞放到主語前，并省略連詞if。如上面中的第一句 和中的第二句 可分別改為下列形式而意思不變：
Had you started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
Should I live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
②虛擬條件除用從句表示外，還可以通過介詞短語等來表示，這時句中動詞也用虛擬語氣。如：
Without dust, there would be no clouds and no rain.
沒有灰塵，不會有云，也不會有雨。
But for your cooperation, my business would have collapsed.
要不是你的合作，我經營的企業早就垮了。
l 虛擬語氣的一些其他用法
1.在表示愿望、建議、要求、命令等含義的動詞及其派生的同根名詞后面的主語從句、表語從句及同位語從句中的謂語一般用虛擬語氣，即should +動詞原形或只用動詞原形。這類從句常見的動詞有：demand, desire, request, require, propose, suggest, recommend, move , order, command, insist等。如：
e.g. It is required that the equipment should be tested again before it is actually put into operation.
這臺設備在實際投入運行前要求再測試一次。
e.g. The experts recommended that highways be provided with sensors buried beneath them to emit signals to the car.
專家們建議在公路路面下埋置傳感器使之能向汽車發出信號。
e.g. We all insist that we not rest until we finish the work.
大家都堅決要求不完工就不休息。
2.某些形容詞后面的主語從句的謂語用虛擬語氣
在It is necessary 等句型中的主語從句中，謂語一般用should +動詞原形或只用動詞原形。如：
e.g. It is imperative that Franck do away with his bad habit.
弗蘭克改掉他的壞習慣是絕對必要的。
e.g. It is essential that men in space should take their own air with them in order to breathe.
太空人為了呼吸，自備氧氣是必不可少的。
3.在wish后的賓語從句中，謂語用虛擬語氣。
動詞wish后的賓語從句，表示未實現的主觀愿望。這時，賓語從句的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。如：I wish I could afford a new car. 我要是能買得起一輛嶄新的汽車就好了。
具體形式及用法如下表：
表示將來不大可能實現的愿望
謂語動詞be的過去時為were，適用于一切人稱。例如：
e.g. I wish my mother were in good health.我真希望我母親現在的身體健康。
4.在以as if, as though 引出的與事實不符的狀語從句中，謂語用虛擬語氣，其形式一般用動詞的過去式表示對現在情況的推測。用過去完成式表示對過去情況的推測。如：
e.g. The moon shines brightly, as if it gave off light by itself.
月亮照得很明亮，仿佛它本身發光一樣。
e.g. I was horrified at his appearance. He looked as though he hadnt slept for weeks.
他的外表嚇了我一跳，看上去似乎好幾個星期沒睡覺。
注：
在由as if, as though引導的從句中通常用虛擬語氣，但如果從句中所傳述的情況實現的可能性較大，則用陳述語氣。如：
e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain.
天似乎要下雨了。
5. 用should , could, might + 動詞原形的形式表示委婉的虛擬語氣
e.g. Well have soup to start with. What would you like after that?
我們首先上湯，接著你們喜歡上什么菜?
e.g. The expert explains that the cars computer might reduce the cars speed to get it out of danger.
專家解釋說汽車上的計算機可以使減速從而避免危險。
6.在it is time+從句中，表示早該做而沒有做的事，含建議的意味，其從句謂語動詞用過去式。例如：
Its time we left now.
現在我們該走了。
Its time the children went to bed.
孩子們該上床睡覺了。
課堂練習：
1) We require that the leader ____ us immediately of any change in plans.
A inform B informs C informed D has informed
2) ____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive
3) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a hand.
A Not being B Had it not been C Without being D Not having been
核心詞匯推薦:
circumstance n. 環境;境況; ;
citizen n. 市民;公民;
city n. 城市，都市;
civil adj. 全民的;市民的;公民的 ;
claim n. 要求;主張v. 要求，主張提出要求
class n. 班級;階級;種類;課;
classical adj. 古典的;古典文學的;人文科學的 學派);
classify v. 把分類
classmate n. 同學;同班同學;
classroom n. 教室;
clean adj. 清潔的，干凈的v. 打掃，清掃;
clear adj. 清楚的，清晰的;空曠的; v. 掃除，清除;晴;
clever adj. 機靈的，聰明的;
climate n. 氣候;
climb v. 攀登;爬;爬高;
clinic n. 門診部;臨床;
clock n. 鐘);
close v. 關，關閉;結束 n. 結束 adj. 近的，緊密的;精密的;封閉的;親密的;
cloth n. 布;織物;衣料;
clothes n. 衣服;被褥;各種衣服;
clothing n. 衣服;
cloud n. 云;煙云;
cloudy adj. 多云的，陰天的;模糊的;
club n. 俱樂部;
clue n. 提示，線索
clumsy adj. 笨拙的, 手腳不靈活的
coal n. 煤;煤炭;
coarse adj. 粗的;粗糙的;未加工的;不光滑的;
coast n. 海岸;
coat: n. 上衣, 涂層 ; v. 給穿上外套, 給上涂
coffee: n. 咖啡
coin: n. 硬幣
cold adj. 冷，寒，凍;冰涼的; 冷靜的; n. 感冒，著涼，傷風 , 寒冷; a cold 患感冒)
Bus travel now and then
For cities without other public transport services, if all the buses were to stop running for a day, work would come to a standstill in hundreds of offices and factories and...
l 虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣是謂語動詞的一種形式，用于表示非真實的假設，或表示命令、建議以及說話人的主觀愿望，有時也有使語氣緩和、委婉的作用。
Ⅰ、條件句中的虛擬語氣
1.構成
含有條件狀語從句的句子稱為條件句。如果所表示的條件是真實的，或者完全可能實現的，則稱為真實條件句，其主句和從句的謂語都用陳述語氣，如：
You may spoil the work if you make the same mistake again.
如果條件句表示的條件根本不可能實現或實現的可能性很小時，則稱為虛擬條件句，其主句和從句的謂語就要用虛擬語氣。謂語形式因時間不同而有所不同。現以動詞give和tell為例列表如下：
注：
① 在與現在事實相反的假設條件從句中謂語為be時，一般不分人稱，多用過去式的復數形式were。如主語為第一、三人稱單數時，也可用was
② 主句中第一人稱常用should，第二、三人稱常用would。但在美國英語中，第一人稱也常用would。主句中除should, would外，還可用could, might。
2.用法
與現在事實相反的假定。如：
If the sun stopped radiating heat and light, life on earth would be impossible.
如果太陽停止放射光和熱，地球上的生命就不可能生存。
If I were you, I should start packing now.
如果我是你，我現在就動手收拾行裝了。
與過去事實相反的假定。如：
If you had started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
如果當時你早點開始工作的話，你早就把工作完成了。
He would have succeeded in the Sydney Olympic Games if his courage hadnt failed him.
如果他不是當時一時膽怯，他就會已經在悉尼奧運會上獲勝了。
推測未來不可能實現或實現可能性很小的假定。如：
If the director came tomorrow, I would tell him about our proposal.
如果主任明天來，我將把我們的建議告訴他。
If I should live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
如果我生活在二十二世紀，我將在月球上度假。
What would you do if war were to break out?
如果戰爭爆發，你怎么辦?
注：
①虛擬條件從句中，如謂語中有were , had, should等詞，有時可把這些詞放到主語前，并省略連詞if。如上面中的第一句 和中的第二句 可分別改為下列形式而意思不變：
Had you started your work earlier, you would have finished it.
Should I live in the twenty-second century, I would spend my vacation on the moon.
②虛擬條件除用從句表示外，還可以通過介詞短語等來表示，這時句中動詞也用虛擬語氣。如：
Without dust, there would be no clouds and no rain.
沒有灰塵，不會有云，也不會有雨。
But for your cooperation, my business would have collapsed.
要不是你的合作，我經營的企業早就垮了。
l 虛擬語氣的一些其他用法
1.在表示愿望、建議、要求、命令等含義的動詞及其派生的同根名詞后面的主語從句、表語從句及同位語從句中的謂語一般用虛擬語氣，即should +動詞原形或只用動詞原形。這類從句常見的動詞有：demand, desire, request, require, propose, suggest, recommend, move , order, command, insist等。如：
e.g. It is required that the equipment should be tested again before it is actually put into operation.
這臺設備在實際投入運行前要求再測試一次。
e.g. The experts recommended that highways be provided with sensors buried beneath them to emit signals to the car.
專家們建議在公路路面下埋置傳感器使之能向汽車發出信號。
e.g. We all insist that we not rest until we finish the work.
大家都堅決要求不完工就不休息。
2.某些形容詞后面的主語從句的謂語用虛擬語氣
在It is necessary 等句型中的主語從句中，謂語一般用should +動詞原形或只用動詞原形。如：
e.g. It is imperative that Franck do away with his bad habit.
弗蘭克改掉他的壞習慣是絕對必要的。
e.g. It is essential that men in space should take their own air with them in order to breathe.
太空人為了呼吸，自備氧氣是必不可少的。
3.在wish后的賓語從句中，謂語用虛擬語氣。
動詞wish后的賓語從句，表示未實現的主觀愿望。這時，賓語從句的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。如：I wish I could afford a new car. 我要是能買得起一輛嶄新的汽車就好了。
具體形式及用法如下表：
表示將來不大可能實現的愿望
謂語動詞be的過去時為were，適用于一切人稱。例如：
e.g. I wish my mother were in good health.我真希望我母親現在的身體健康。
4.在以as if, as though 引出的與事實不符的狀語從句中，謂語用虛擬語氣，其形式一般用動詞的過去式表示對現在情況的推測。用過去完成式表示對過去情況的推測。如：
e.g. The moon shines brightly, as if it gave off light by itself.
月亮照得很明亮，仿佛它本身發光一樣。
e.g. I was horrified at his appearance. He looked as though he hadnt slept for weeks.
他的外表嚇了我一跳，看上去似乎好幾個星期沒睡覺。
注：
在由as if, as though引導的從句中通常用虛擬語氣，但如果從句中所傳述的情況實現的可能性較大，則用陳述語氣。如：
e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain.
天似乎要下雨了。
5. 用should , could, might + 動詞原形的形式表示委婉的虛擬語氣
e.g. Well have soup to start with. What would you like after that?
我們首先上湯，接著你們喜歡上什么菜?
e.g. The expert explains that the cars computer might reduce the cars speed to get it out of danger.
專家解釋說汽車上的計算機可以使減速從而避免危險。
6.在it is time+從句中，表示早該做而沒有做的事，含建議的意味，其從句謂語動詞用過去式。例如：
Its time we left now.
現在我們該走了。
Its time the children went to bed.
孩子們該上床睡覺了。
課堂練習：
1) We require that the leader ____ us immediately of any change in plans.
A inform B informs C informed D has informed
2) ____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A Had they arrived B Would they arrive C Were they arriving D Were they to arrive
3) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a hand.
A Not being B Had it not been C Without being D Not having been
核心詞匯推薦:
circumstance n. 環境;境況; ;
citizen n. 市民;公民;
city n. 城市，都市;
civil adj. 全民的;市民的;公民的 ;
claim n. 要求;主張v. 要求，主張提出要求
class n. 班級;階級;種類;課;
classical adj. 古典的;古典文學的;人文科學的 學派);
classify v. 把分類
classmate n. 同學;同班同學;
classroom n. 教室;
clean adj. 清潔的，干凈的v. 打掃，清掃;
clear adj. 清楚的，清晰的;空曠的; v. 掃除，清除;晴;
clever adj. 機靈的，聰明的;
climate n. 氣候;
climb v. 攀登;爬;爬高;
clinic n. 門診部;臨床;
clock n. 鐘);
close v. 關，關閉;結束 n. 結束 adj. 近的，緊密的;精密的;封閉的;親密的;
cloth n. 布;織物;衣料;
clothes n. 衣服;被褥;各種衣服;
clothing n. 衣服;
cloud n. 云;煙云;
cloudy adj. 多云的，陰天的;模糊的;
club n. 俱樂部;
clue n. 提示，線索
clumsy adj. 笨拙的, 手腳不靈活的
coal n. 煤;煤炭;
coarse adj. 粗的;粗糙的;未加工的;不光滑的;
coast n. 海岸;
coat: n. 上衣, 涂層 ; v. 給穿上外套, 給上涂
coffee: n. 咖啡
coin: n. 硬幣
cold adj. 冷，寒，凍;冰涼的; 冷靜的; n. 感冒，著涼，傷風 , 寒冷; a cold 患感冒)
