英語語法 虛擬語氣的用法

　　[虛擬語氣] 虛擬語氣的用法

　　虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。下面分別介紹虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法。

　　1.虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句

　　注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人稱,would可用于任何人稱,同時(shí)也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,might等代替should,would。

　　1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:

　　If I were you,I should stay at home.

　　If the peasants could farm the land themselves,food production would be much higher.

　　If fewer cash crops were grown,more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.

　　2)表示與過去事實(shí)相反:

　　If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.

　　If the hurricane had happened during the daytime,there would have been many deaths.

　　3)表示與將來事實(shí)相反:If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.

　　If it were to/should rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.

　　If it should rain,the crops would be saved.

　　4)當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整。例如:If you had followed the doctors advice,you would be quite all right now.(從句說的是過去,主句指的是現(xiàn)在。)

　　5)以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:①從句省略if,用倒裝句式were,had,should+主語。例如:Were I in school again,I would work harder. Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow,I would come.②用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。例如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.

　　2.虛擬語氣用于賓語從句

　　1)wish+賓語從句表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語可譯為可惜、就好了、悔不該、但愿等。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式;表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用would(could)+動(dòng)詞原形表示過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用had+過去分詞或(could)would+have+過去分詞。

　　例如:

　　I wish we could go to the seaside today.

　　I wish you told me earlier.

　　We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

　　2)虛擬語氣在動(dòng)詞arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的賓語從句中,用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:

　　I suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.

　　The doctor ordered that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.

　　They demanded that the black people should be treated as well as white people.

　　注意:insist作力言、強(qiáng)調(diào)解時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。只有當(dāng)insist作堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)解時(shí),賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。例如:

　　Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

　　I insisted that you give me my money back.

　　3.虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句

　　作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:

　　We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.

　　My idea is that he (should)do exercises first.

　　4.虛擬語氣用于以as if(as though)引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句

　　如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí);表示與過去事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用had+過去分詞表示與將來事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用would(might,could)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:

　　He looked at me as if I were mad.

　　He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.

　　It looks as if it might rain.

　　但as if(as though)后的從句也常用陳述語氣,這是因?yàn)閺木渲械那闆r往往是可能發(fā)生的或可能被設(shè)想

　　為真實(shí)的。例如:

　　It looks as if our side is going to win.

　　5.虛擬語氣用于主語從句

　　在主語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)用should+動(dòng)詞原形的結(jié)構(gòu),表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等。例如:

　　It is necessary(important,natural,de-sirable,advisable,strange,etc.)that we should clean the room every day.

　　It was a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc.)that you should be so careless.

　　It will be desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.

　　在上述三種主語從句中,should意為應(yīng)該、竟然,可以省去,但不可換用would。主句所用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不限。

　　注意:這種從句表示的是事實(shí)。如果說話人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表示驚奇,就可用虛擬語氣。反之,如果不表示驚奇,that從句也可用陳述語氣。例如:

　　It is strange that he did not come yesterday.

　　It is a pity that you cant swim.

　　6.虛擬語氣用于定語從句

　　這種從句常用在It is(high)time(that)...句型中,定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,或should+動(dòng)詞原形(should不能省略,be用were)來表示,意為(現(xiàn)在)該。例如:

　　Its time that I went and picked up my little girl from school.

　　It is high time we were going.

　　7.虛擬語氣用于if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:

　　If only I had taken his advice.我要是聽他的話就好了。

　　If only I were a bird!我如果是一只鳥就好了。

　　8.虛擬語氣用于If it were not for...

　　此結(jié)構(gòu)意為如果沒有,表示同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例如:

　　If it were not for the rain,the crops should(would)die.

　　If it had not been for...意為如果當(dāng)時(shí)沒有,表示同過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例如:

　　If it had not been for your timely help,I would have failed.

　　9.虛擬語氣在would rather后接從句:

　　Id rather you paid me now.(從句用過去時(shí)指現(xiàn)在)

　　I would rather they came tomorrow.(從句用過去時(shí)指將來)

　　Id rather she hadnt done that.(從句用過去完成時(shí)指過去)(此句中的would可看作是表愿望的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞) 10.虛擬語氣用于簡單句

　　1)表示說話人謙虛、客氣、有禮貌,使語氣委婉,常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話中。例如:

　　It would be better for you not to stay up too late.

　　Would you be kind enough to open the door.

　　2)用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中。例如:

　　Would you like a cup of tea.

　　You had better go now.

　　3)用may+動(dòng)詞原形,表示祝愿、但愿。may須置于句首。例如:

　　May you be happy!

　　May you succeed!

　　11.含蓄條件句

　　在某些虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)中沒有if條件句,虛擬條件是用其它形式表示出來,這種現(xiàn)象在語法上稱為含蓄條件句。含蓄條件具體分為以下幾種情況:

　　1)通過動(dòng)詞不定式短語表示條件。例如:

　　You would be a fool to refuse his offer.

　　(=If you should refuse his offer,you would be a fool.)

　　要是你拒絕他的建議,就太傻了。

　　2)通過介詞短語表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier.

　　(=If it had not been for the storm...)

　　要不是那場(chǎng)暴雨,我早就到達(dá)了。

　　3)通過連詞otherwise,or,but,that,though,once等表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　She came to town yesterday,otherwise/or I would not have met her.

　　昨天她到城里來了,不然我就不會(huì)遇見她了。

　　(otherwise/or=if she hadnt come)

　　I would have attended the meeting,but I have been too busy.

　　(=...if I had not been too busy)

　　我本來要參加會(huì)議的,只是太忙了。

　　4)通過Were it not for...或Had it not been for...等句式表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　Were it not for(=If it were not for) the leadership of the Party,we could not live a happy life.

　　要不是黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),我們不可能過幸福生活。

　　(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

　　Had it not been for(=If it had not been for) the leadership of the Party,we should have failed.

　　若不是有黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),我們?cè)缇褪×恕?/p>

　　(與過去事實(shí)相反)

　　5)通過分詞短語表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.倘若給予更多的關(guān)心,這些樹本來可以生長得更好的。

　　(=If they had been given more attention...)

　　6)無詞句暗示條件。例如:

　　Such mistakes could have been avoided.這種錯(cuò)誤本來可以避免的。

　　(暗含條件從句if we had been more careful)

　　It was so quiet,you could have heard a pin drop.是那樣的安靜,掉根針你都聽得見。

　　(暗含條件從句if it had dropped to the grou [虛擬語氣] 虛擬語氣的用法

　　虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。下面分別介紹虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法。

　　1.虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句

　　注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人稱,would可用于任何人稱,同時(shí)也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,might等代替should,would。

　　1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:

　　If I were you,I should stay at home.

　　If the peasants could farm the land themselves,food production would be much higher.

　　If fewer cash crops were grown,more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.

　　2)表示與過去事實(shí)相反:

　　If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.

　　If the hurricane had happened during the daytime,there would have been many deaths.

　　3)表示與將來事實(shí)相反:If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.

　　If it were to/should rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.

　　If it should rain,the crops would be saved.

　　4)當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整。例如:If you had followed the doctors advice,you would be quite all right now.(從句說的是過去,主句指的是現(xiàn)在。)

　　5)以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:①從句省略if,用倒裝句式were,had,should+主語。例如:Were I in school again,I would work harder. Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow,I would come.②用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。例如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.

　　[虛擬語氣] 虛擬語氣的用法

　　虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。下面分別介紹虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法。

　　1.虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句

　　注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人稱,would可用于任何人稱,同時(shí)也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,might等代替should,would。

　　1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:

　　If I were you,I should stay at home.

　　If the peasants could farm the land themselves,food production would be much higher.

　　If fewer cash crops were grown,more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.

　　2)表示與過去事實(shí)相反:

　　If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.

　　If the hurricane had happened during the daytime,there would have been many deaths.

　　3)表示與將來事實(shí)相反:If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.

　　If it were to/should rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.

　　If it should rain,the crops would be saved.

　　4)當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整。例如:If you had followed the doctors advice,you would be quite all right now.(從句說的是過去,主句指的是現(xiàn)在。)

　　5)以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:①從句省略if,用倒裝句式were,had,should+主語。例如:Were I in school again,I would work harder. Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow,I would come.②用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。例如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.

　　2.虛擬語氣用于賓語從句

　　1)wish+賓語從句表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語可譯為可惜、就好了、悔不該、但愿等。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式;表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用would(could)+動(dòng)詞原形表示過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用had+過去分詞或(could)would+have+過去分詞。

　　例如:

　　I wish we could go to the seaside today.

　　I wish you told me earlier.

　　We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

　　2)虛擬語氣在動(dòng)詞arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的賓語從句中,用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:

　　I suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.

　　The doctor ordered that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.

　　They demanded that the black people should be treated as well as white people.

　　注意:insist作力言、強(qiáng)調(diào)解時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。只有當(dāng)insist作堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)解時(shí),賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。例如:

　　Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

　　I insisted that you give me my money back.

　　3.虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句

　　作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:

　　We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.

　　My idea is that he (should)do exercises first.

　　4.虛擬語氣用于以as if(as though)引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句

　　如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí);表示與過去事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用had+過去分詞表示與將來事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用would(might,could)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:

　　He looked at me as if I were mad.

　　He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.

　　It looks as if it might rain.

　　但as if(as though)后的從句也常用陳述語氣,這是因?yàn)閺木渲械那闆r往往是可能發(fā)生的或可能被設(shè)想

　　為真實(shí)的。例如:

　　It looks as if our side is going to win.

　　5.虛擬語氣用于主語從句

　　在主語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)用should+動(dòng)詞原形的結(jié)構(gòu),表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等。例如:

　　It is necessary(important,natural,de-sirable,advisable,strange,etc.)that we should clean the room every day.

　　It was a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc.)that you should be so careless.

　　It will be desired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.

　　在上述三種主語從句中,should意為應(yīng)該、竟然,可以省去,但不可換用would。主句所用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不限。

　　注意:這種從句表示的是事實(shí)。如果說話人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表示驚奇,就可用虛擬語氣。反之,如果不表示驚奇,that從句也可用陳述語氣。例如:

　　It is strange that he did not come yesterday.

　　It is a pity that you cant swim.

　　6.虛擬語氣用于定語從句

　　這種從句常用在It is(high)time(that)...句型中,定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,或should+動(dòng)詞原形(should不能省略,be用were)來表示,意為(現(xiàn)在)該。例如:

　　Its time that I went and picked up my little girl from school.

　　It is high time we were going.

　　7.虛擬語氣用于if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:

　　If only I had taken his advice.我要是聽他的話就好了。

　　If only I were a bird!我如果是一只鳥就好了。

　　8.虛擬語氣用于If it were not for...

　　此結(jié)構(gòu)意為如果沒有,表示同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例如:

　　If it were not for the rain,the crops should(would)die.

　　If it had not been for...意為如果當(dāng)時(shí)沒有,表示同過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例如:

　　If it had not been for your timely help,I would have failed.

　　9.虛擬語氣在would rather后接從句:

　　Id rather you paid me now.(從句用過去時(shí)指現(xiàn)在)

　　I would rather they came tomorrow.(從句用過去時(shí)指將來)

　　Id rather she hadnt done that.(從句用過去完成時(shí)指過去)(此句中的would可看作是表愿望的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞) 10.虛擬語氣用于簡單句

　　1)表示說話人謙虛、客氣、有禮貌,使語氣委婉,常出現(xiàn)在日常會(huì)話中。例如:

　　It would be better for you not to stay up too late.

　　Would you be kind enough to open the door.

　　2)用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中。例如:

　　Would you like a cup of tea.

　　You had better go now.

　　3)用may+動(dòng)詞原形,表示祝愿、但愿。may須置于句首。例如:

　　May you be happy!

　　May you succeed!

　　11.含蓄條件句

　　在某些虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)中沒有if條件句,虛擬條件是用其它形式表示出來,這種現(xiàn)象在語法上稱為含蓄條件句。含蓄條件具體分為以下幾種情況:

　　1)通過動(dòng)詞不定式短語表示條件。例如:

　　You would be a fool to refuse his offer.

　　(=If you should refuse his offer,you would be a fool.)

　　要是你拒絕他的建議,就太傻了。

　　2)通過介詞短語表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier.

　　(=If it had not been for the storm...)

　　要不是那場(chǎng)暴雨,我早就到達(dá)了。

　　3)通過連詞otherwise,or,but,that,though,once等表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　She came to town yesterday,otherwise/or I would not have met her.

　　昨天她到城里來了,不然我就不會(huì)遇見她了。

　　(otherwise/or=if she hadnt come)

　　I would have attended the meeting,but I have been too busy.

　　(=...if I had not been too busy)

　　我本來要參加會(huì)議的,只是太忙了。

　　4)通過Were it not for...或Had it not been for...等句式表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　Were it not for(=If it were not for) the leadership of the Party,we could not live a happy life.

　　要不是黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),我們不可能過幸福生活。

　　(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

　　Had it not been for(=If it had not been for) the leadership of the Party,we should have failed.

　　若不是有黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),我們?cè)缇褪×恕?/p>

　　(與過去事實(shí)相反)

　　5)通過分詞短語表達(dá)條件。例如:

　　Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.倘若給予更多的關(guān)心,這些樹本來可以生長得更好的。

　　(=If they had been given more attention...)

　　6)無詞句暗示條件。例如:

　　Such mistakes could have been avoided.這種錯(cuò)誤本來可以避免的。

　　(暗含條件從句if we had been more careful)

　　It was so quiet,you could have heard a pin drop.是那樣的安靜,掉根針你都聽得見。

　　(暗含條件從句if it had dropped to the grou [虛擬語氣] 虛擬語氣的用法

　　虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。下面分別介紹虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法。

　　1.虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句

　　注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人稱,would可用于任何人稱,同時(shí)也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,might等代替should,would。

　　1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:

　　If I were you,I should stay at home.

　　If the peasants could farm the land themselves,food production would be much higher.

　　If fewer cash crops were grown,more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.

　　2)表示與過去事實(shí)相反:

　　If you had come yesterday,you would have met him.

　　If the hurricane had happened during the daytime,there would have been many deaths.

　　3)表示與將來事實(shí)相反:If you came tomorrow,we would have the meeting.

　　If it were to/should rain tomorrow,the meeting would be put off.

　　If it should rain,the crops would be saved.

　　4)當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整。例如:If you had followed the doctors advice,you would be quite all right now.(從句說的是過去,主句指的是現(xiàn)在。)

　　5)以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:①從句省略if,用倒裝句式were,had,should+主語。例如:Were I in school again,I would work harder. Had you been here earlier,you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow,I would come.②用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。例如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.