雅思寫作評分標準:Cohesive Device
下面雅思為大家整理了雅思寫作評分標準:Cohesive Device,供考生們參考,以下是詳細內容。
在官方公布的寫作評分描述中有一項Coherence and Cohesion 。這一項是涉及要點最多,卻最為廣大教學工作者和學生所忽視的一項。該項目涉及三大要點:文章信息點安排、銜接手段和分段.其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的評分描述中被重點強調。
本文將重點關注該項目中所提到的Cohesive Device:。
Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二條原文:
Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use
6分第二條原文為:
Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;
6分第三條提到:
May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
與之對應的5分第二條為:
Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices
5 分第三條為:
May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution
由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出,referencing和substitution都是cohesive device的表現,而且是確定分值的重要參考標準。
那么這里反復提到的Cohesive Device究竟是什么呢?
Cohesive Device:定義:
能使信息的邏輯關系更清晰的各種英語字符。
邏輯關系主要涉及:并列或遞進關系、讓步或轉折關系、因果關系和舉列。
具體來看,可分成以下三類:
Lexical aspect:
Linking word:
并列或遞進關系:and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等
讓步或轉折關系:but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等
因果關系:because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;
舉例:like
Linking phrase:
并列或遞進關系:not onlybut also; as well as; either in addition; apart from that; beyond that
讓步或轉折關系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of, It is true that
因果關系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result ; in that case
舉例:for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as
Adverb :
并列或遞進關系:additionally; similarly; alternatively;
讓步或轉折關系: surprisingly; admittedly
因果關系: consequently; eventually;
舉例:especially;
Reference:
They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等
Syntax:
Punctuation :
并列或遞進關系:分號
同位、舉例:冒號;破折號;括號
Clause :主句的信息為重點信息;從句信息為次要信息
Unnoticeable cohesive device
Rhetorical purpose:
排比:并列關系
Substitution/paraphrasing:用詞性轉換、近義詞、下義詞、等有關聯的信息來重復重點信息。這是獲得7分以上高分的重要標志。
很多學生總是抱怨自己詞匯量小,思路打不開。或是背了一大堆的詞匯,真到考試就用不上了。或是寫了一堆語言,但中心論點不明確。
其實,如果一個段落的每一句話,都能出現要點信息,文章就會很容易讀懂,并給人渾然一體的感覺。為了讓讀者更好的理解這一高級的連接手段,我們來做一個小小的練習。
中心話題為Disaster,要求說出的短語,單詞必須要能讓人聯想到該主題。
我們可以有以下幾種思路:
詞性轉換: disastrous; disastrously
近義詞:catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery
下義詞:
disaster
natural disaster
flood; tsunami; earthquake
quake-scattered area
victimsthe injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homelessorphan; the old without any family members;
survivor; survival
rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate
condolence; mourn
通過這種思維方式,我們還可以想出很多能體現災難的語言。尤其是下義詞的有效使用,即可掩蓋詞匯量不大的缺陷,還可以讓文章生動,說理性強。
官方給出的高分文章也可以體現這一特點。
Children of poor parents are prematurely exposed to the problems of adult life eg. learning to survive on a low family income and sacrificing luxuries for essential items. These children begin to see the realities of life in their home or social environment. Their parents own struggles serve as an example to them.
引自IELTS Scores Explained DVD
Cohesive device:
通過同意轉換和代詞的使用,該段每句話主語緊扣題目主題信息:children from poor families,
Children of poor parents;These children;Their parents
句子之間沒用使用明顯的連詞或連接短語,但通過 problems of adult life; the realities of life; parents own struggles凸顯該段分論點生活艱難另外,首句中的prematurely由第二句的 begin to第三句的 serve an example對應,使得該段的信息環環相扣,讀起來渾然一體。該段使用最突出的cohesive device是信息對應。即用下義詞,反義詞等與主題句的分論點相關的各種具體形像化和相關性的詞來展開論證。這是paraphrasing的最高表現。也是確保cohesion的最佳方案。
以上是筆者對cohesive device的一些新的認識,并在課堂教學中進行了初步的嘗試。尤其是同義轉換中通過下義詞來強調文章中心論點的思維方式,讓不少學生不再畏懼無話可寫的困境。
下面雅思為大家整理了雅思寫作評分標準:Cohesive Device,供考生們參考,以下是詳細內容。
在官方公布的寫作評分描述中有一項Coherence and Cohesion 。這一項是涉及要點最多,卻最為廣大教學工作者和學生所忽視的一項。該項目涉及三大要點:文章信息點安排、銜接手段和分段.其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的評分描述中被重點強調。
本文將重點關注該項目中所提到的Cohesive Device:。
Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二條原文:
Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use
6分第二條原文為:
Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;
6分第三條提到:
May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
與之對應的5分第二條為:
Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices
5 分第三條為:
May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution
由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出,referencing和substitution都是cohesive device的表現,而且是確定分值的重要參考標準。
那么這里反復提到的Cohesive Device究竟是什么呢?
Cohesive Device:定義:
能使信息的邏輯關系更清晰的各種英語字符。
邏輯關系主要涉及:并列或遞進關系、讓步或轉折關系、因果關系和舉列。
具體來看,可分成以下三類:
Lexical aspect:
Linking word:
并列或遞進關系:and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等
讓步或轉折關系:but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等
因果關系:because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;
舉例:like
Linking phrase:
并列或遞進關系:not onlybut also; as well as; either in addition; apart from that; beyond that
讓步或轉折關系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of, It is true that
因果關系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result ; in that case
舉例:for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as
Adverb :
并列或遞進關系:additionally; similarly; alternatively;
讓步或轉折關系: surprisingly; admittedly
因果關系: consequently; eventually;
舉例:especially;
Reference:
They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等
Syntax:
Punctuation :
并列或遞進關系:分號
同位、舉例:冒號;破折號;括號
Clause :主句的信息為重點信息;從句信息為次要信息
Unnoticeable cohesive device
Rhetorical purpose:
排比:并列關系
Substitution/paraphrasing:用詞性轉換、近義詞、下義詞、等有關聯的信息來重復重點信息。這是獲得7分以上高分的重要標志。
很多學生總是抱怨自己詞匯量小,思路打不開。或是背了一大堆的詞匯,真到考試就用不上了。或是寫了一堆語言,但中心論點不明確。
其實,如果一個段落的每一句話,都能出現要點信息,文章就會很容易讀懂,并給人渾然一體的感覺。為了讓讀者更好的理解這一高級的連接手段,我們來做一個小小的練習。
中心話題為Disaster,要求說出的短語,單詞必須要能讓人聯想到該主題。
我們可以有以下幾種思路:
詞性轉換: disastrous; disastrously
近義詞:catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery
下義詞:
disaster
natural disaster
flood; tsunami; earthquake
quake-scattered area
victimsthe injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homelessorphan; the old without any family members;
survivor; survival
rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate
condolence; mourn
通過這種思維方式,我們還可以想出很多能體現災難的語言。尤其是下義詞的有效使用,即可掩蓋詞匯量不大的缺陷,還可以讓文章生動,說理性強。
官方給出的高分文章也可以體現這一特點。
Children of poor parents are prematurely exposed to the problems of adult life eg. learning to survive on a low family income and sacrificing luxuries for essential items. These children begin to see the realities of life in their home or social environment. Their parents own struggles serve as an example to them.
引自IELTS Scores Explained DVD
Cohesive device:
通過同意轉換和代詞的使用,該段每句話主語緊扣題目主題信息:children from poor families,
Children of poor parents;These children;Their parents
句子之間沒用使用明顯的連詞或連接短語,但通過 problems of adult life; the realities of life; parents own struggles凸顯該段分論點生活艱難另外,首句中的prematurely由第二句的 begin to第三句的 serve an example對應,使得該段的信息環環相扣,讀起來渾然一體。該段使用最突出的cohesive device是信息對應。即用下義詞,反義詞等與主題句的分論點相關的各種具體形像化和相關性的詞來展開論證。這是paraphrasing的最高表現。也是確保cohesion的最佳方案。
以上是筆者對cohesive device的一些新的認識,并在課堂教學中進行了初步的嘗試。尤其是同義轉換中通過下義詞來強調文章中心論點的思維方式,讓不少學生不再畏懼無話可寫的困境。