新托福TPO 8綜合寫作詳細解析：塞恩加爾騎士的回憶錄
賈科莫卡薩諾瓦（Giacomo Girolamo Casanova，1725年4月2日－1798年6月4日），極富傳奇色彩的意大利冒險家、作家、追尋女色的風流才子。18世紀享譽歐洲的大情圣。生于意大利威尼斯，卒于波希米亞的達克斯(現捷克杜克卓夫)。卡薩諾瓦一生中最為重要的作品當屬其窮盡晚年精力的創作《我的一生》（Histoire de ma vie），這部法語寫成的自傳式小說講述了卡薩諾瓦一生中的故事。(來自百度百科)
這個人跟今天的題目有什么關系呢？卡薩諾瓦喜歡被人稱為塞恩加爾騎士，就是文中的Chevalier de Seingalt。
閱讀材料：
Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.
塞恩加爾騎士在晚年寫了一部長篇回憶錄以描寫他冒險的一生。騎士先生是一個充滿爭議的人物。但是由于他同很多包括國王和作家在內的很多名人都有交集，所以他的這本回憶錄對于研究十八世紀歐洲歷史有一定價值。然而，一些評論家對這本回憶的準確性提出了質疑。他們認為騎士先生為了讓他的一生顯得更富有傳奇性，他虛構和編撰了很多事件。
For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, ha was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties on gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.
比如說，騎士想生在回憶錄中說當他在瑞士居住的時候是非常富有的，而且在各種派對和賭局上揮金如土。然而最近揭示的證據卻表明當時騎士先生曾跟一個瑞士商人借了一大筆錢。批評家因此聲稱，如果騎士先生真的非常有錢，他就不會需要舉債度日。
Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.
同時，批評家們還對他跟著名作家伏爾泰之間過于精確的對話。騎士先生和伏爾泰曾經會面和交談是確信無疑的。但是，批評家們回憶錄是不可能把對話記錄的這么精確的，因為這本回憶錄是對話發生多年之后才寫的。批評家們指出人是不可能記住話題廣泛對話的具體用詞的，尤其事情發生多年。
Critics have also questioned the memoirs account of the Chevaliers escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.
批評家還對回憶錄中的一個細節提出了質疑，就是騎士先生對于自己從意大利威尼斯一個臭名昭著的監獄逃出的情節。騎士自己聲場他是越獄逃出的，用一塊鐵片在天花板上弄出洞，然后從屋頂翻出來。批評家說盡管這種冒險的越獄行為讓這本書更具有可讀性，但是事實上是騎士先生通過賄賂獄卒的方式獲得自由的。批評家們指出，騎士先生在威尼斯政界有不少朋友，而這些朋友可以幫他賄賂獄卒。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 塞恩加爾騎士的回憶錄不夠精確
- Sub point 1:回憶錄聲稱自己很有錢，但是事實上不是
- Sub point 2:回憶錄上對于他跟伏爾泰交談記錄得過于詳細，不合常理
- Sub point 3:他聲稱自己在威尼斯越獄，但實際上他是政界朋友幫忙行賄才獲得自由的
聽力材料：
No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevaliers memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source. Lets look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.
所有的回憶錄在細節上都會有瑕疵。但是盡管如此，塞恩加爾騎士的回憶錄總體上看還是相當精確的，而且總體上說是具有史料價值的。我們看一下閱讀部分質疑細節的精確性吧。
First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesnt mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to sell first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but thats not being poor.
首先，是向商人借債的問題。當然，這不能就說明騎士先生是平窮的。我來解釋一下。我們都知道騎士先生生活在瑞士的時候把大把的錢都花在了派對和賭博上了。他是非常富有的，但是他所擁有的財產都不是現金，是需要變賣的。所以，當他的錢花光了之后，他就需要暫時借錢周轉。他是在等著現金到位，而不是因為窮。
Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular nights conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirmed that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing the memoir.
第二，是跟伏爾泰的對話。騎士先生在他的回憶錄中曾說，每次同伏爾泰交夜間交談之后，他就會迅速記錄下能記住的談話細節。很明顯，騎士先生連續幾年記錄著他跟伏爾泰的談話，并在撰寫回憶錄的時候用到了記載的細節。有在其實先生晚年伴隨其左右的人證明，在騎士先生撰寫回憶錄的時候會常常查找筆記和期刊。
Third, the Chevaliers escape from a prison in Venice. Other prisoners in that prison had even more powerful friends than he did, and none of them were ever able to bribe their way to freedom. so bribery hardly seems likely in his case. The best evidence, though, comes from some old Venetian government documents. They indicate that soon after the Chevalier escaped from the prison, the ceiling of his old prison room had to be repaired. Why would they need to repair a ceiling unless he had escaped exactly as he said he did.
第三，是關于騎士先生在威尼斯越獄的事情。監獄里其他人擁有比他有權有勢的朋友，但是也沒有以賄賂的方式獲取自由。所以，他應該不是采取了賄賂的方法。然后，有一個來自于威尼斯政府文件的記載很有利地支持了騎士先生的記錄。文件上說當其實先生離開監獄不久，監獄就進行了修繕。如果真想不是如他所說，那么為什么監獄要修繕屋頂呢？
聽力筆記內容：
Main point: accurate
Sub point one: property, sell first, a few days, waiting for his money
Sub point two: wrote down everything, kept his notes, Witnesses, consulted notes and journals
Sub point three: more powerful friends, none, bribe, government document, repaired
賈科莫卡薩諾瓦（Giacomo Girolamo Casanova，1725年4月2日－1798年6月4日），極富傳奇色彩的意大利冒險家、作家、追尋女色的風流才子。18世紀享譽歐洲的大情圣。生于意大利威尼斯，卒于波希米亞的達克斯(現捷克杜克卓夫)。卡薩諾瓦一生中最為重要的作品當屬其窮盡晚年精力的創作《我的一生》（Histoire de ma vie），這部法語寫成的自傳式小說講述了卡薩諾瓦一生中的故事。(來自百度百科)
這個人跟今天的題目有什么關系呢？卡薩諾瓦喜歡被人稱為塞恩加爾騎士，就是文中的Chevalier de Seingalt。
閱讀材料：
Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.
塞恩加爾騎士在晚年寫了一部長篇回憶錄以描寫他冒險的一生。騎士先生是一個充滿爭議的人物。但是由于他同很多包括國王和作家在內的很多名人都有交集，所以他的這本回憶錄對于研究十八世紀歐洲歷史有一定價值。然而，一些評論家對這本回憶的準確性提出了質疑。他們認為騎士先生為了讓他的一生顯得更富有傳奇性，他虛構和編撰了很多事件。
For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, ha was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties on gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money.
比如說，騎士想生在回憶錄中說當他在瑞士居住的時候是非常富有的，而且在各種派對和賭局上揮金如土。然而最近揭示的證據卻表明當時騎士先生曾跟一個瑞士商人借了一大筆錢。批評家因此聲稱，如果騎士先生真的非常有錢，他就不會需要舉債度日。
Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.
同時，批評家們還對他跟著名作家伏爾泰之間過于精確的對話。騎士先生和伏爾泰曾經會面和交談是確信無疑的。但是，批評家們回憶錄是不可能把對話記錄的這么精確的，因為這本回憶錄是對話發生多年之后才寫的。批評家們指出人是不可能記住話題廣泛對話的具體用詞的，尤其事情發生多年。
Critics have also questioned the memoirs account of the Chevaliers escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.
批評家還對回憶錄中的一個細節提出了質疑，就是騎士先生對于自己從意大利威尼斯一個臭名昭著的監獄逃出的情節。騎士自己聲場他是越獄逃出的，用一塊鐵片在天花板上弄出洞，然后從屋頂翻出來。批評家說盡管這種冒險的越獄行為讓這本書更具有可讀性，但是事實上是騎士先生通過賄賂獄卒的方式獲得自由的。批評家們指出，騎士先生在威尼斯政界有不少朋友，而這些朋友可以幫他賄賂獄卒。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 塞恩加爾騎士的回憶錄不夠精確
- Sub point 1:回憶錄聲稱自己很有錢，但是事實上不是
- Sub point 2:回憶錄上對于他跟伏爾泰交談記錄得過于詳細，不合常理
- Sub point 3:他聲稱自己在威尼斯越獄，但實際上他是政界朋友幫忙行賄才獲得自由的
聽力材料：
No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevaliers memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source. Lets look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.
所有的回憶錄在細節上都會有瑕疵。但是盡管如此，塞恩加爾騎士的回憶錄總體上看還是相當精確的，而且總體上說是具有史料價值的。我們看一下閱讀部分質疑細節的精確性吧。
First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesnt mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of property you have to sell first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but thats not being poor.
首先，是向商人借債的問題。當然，這不能就說明騎士先生是平窮的。我來解釋一下。我們都知道騎士先生生活在瑞士的時候把大把的錢都花在了派對和賭博上了。他是非常富有的，但是他所擁有的財產都不是現金，是需要變賣的。所以，當他的錢花光了之后，他就需要暫時借錢周轉。他是在等著現金到位，而不是因為窮。
Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular nights conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirmed that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing the memoir.
第二，是跟伏爾泰的對話。騎士先生在他的回憶錄中曾說，每次同伏爾泰交夜間交談之后，他就會迅速記錄下能記住的談話細節。很明顯，騎士先生連續幾年記錄著他跟伏爾泰的談話，并在撰寫回憶錄的時候用到了記載的細節。有在其實先生晚年伴隨其左右的人證明，在騎士先生撰寫回憶錄的時候會常常查找筆記和期刊。
Third, the Chevaliers escape from a prison in Venice. Other prisoners in that prison had even more powerful friends than he did, and none of them were ever able to bribe their way to freedom. so bribery hardly seems likely in his case. The best evidence, though, comes from some old Venetian government documents. They indicate that soon after the Chevalier escaped from the prison, the ceiling of his old prison room had to be repaired. Why would they need to repair a ceiling unless he had escaped exactly as he said he did.
第三，是關于騎士先生在威尼斯越獄的事情。監獄里其他人擁有比他有權有勢的朋友，但是也沒有以賄賂的方式獲取自由。所以，他應該不是采取了賄賂的方法。然后，有一個來自于威尼斯政府文件的記載很有利地支持了騎士先生的記錄。文件上說當其實先生離開監獄不久，監獄就進行了修繕。如果真想不是如他所說，那么為什么監獄要修繕屋頂呢？
聽力筆記內容：
Main point: accurate
Sub point one: property, sell first, a few days, waiting for his money
Sub point two: wrote down everything, kept his notes, Witnesses, consulted notes and journals
Sub point three: more powerful friends, none, bribe, government document, repaired
