英語寫作三步驟
英語作文的文章的開頭
一篇文章通常可分為三個部分，即開頭、正文和結(jié)尾。這三個部分安排是否得體，直接影響到文章的質(zhì)量。
文章的開頭一般來說應盡量做到開門見山，用簡單明白的敘述引出文章的話題，使讀者了解文章要談論什么，一下于引起讀者的興趣。
作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種：
1.開門見山，揭示主題
文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如How I Spent My Vacation(我怎樣度假)的開頭是：
I Spent my last vacation happily.
下面是題為Honesty(談誠實)一文中的開頭：
Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a liar，and is looked upon by honest people.
2.交代人物、事情、時間或環(huán)境開頭
在文章的開頭，先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如A Trip to Jinshan (去金山旅游)的開頭：
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
3. 回憶性的開頭
用回憶的方法來開頭。例如A Trip to the Taishan Mountain(泰山游)的開頭是：
I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
4.概括性的開頭
即對要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個概括性的介紹。如The Happiness of Reading Books(讀書的快樂)的開頭：
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
5.介紹環(huán)境式的開頭
即開頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如An Accident(一場事故)的開頭是:
It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
6.交待寫作目的的開頭。
在文章的一開頭就交待寫作目的，如通過文章要表揚誰，批評誰，或說明一個什么問題等。如 Pollution Control (控制污染)的開頭：
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.
英語作文的文章的正文
文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個或者更多的句子組成，有時候一個句子也能成段。
文章的正文應以文章的開頭為線索，具體地敘述、說明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長短，每個段落都必須為主題服務。像說明文和議論文這一類的文章，一個主題還常分成幾個小主題，每個小主題要用一個段落處理，另起一段時，應是一層新的意思。每一段的開頭，要放一個表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務。句子之間應銜結(jié)自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無關的句子;英語寫作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對初學者來說，以放在段首為好。見下列這篇題為How to Be a Good Student (怎樣做個好學生)的文章：
We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.
A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies. The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.
To take care of ones own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasnt got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.
Lastly, to cultivate ones own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence
of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.
這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每-段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點和思想，同時又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開，同時句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然;各層的意思都很連貫。
分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫的題目范圍很小，那就無須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個段落去闡述了。像一篇簡短的評論;某一事情的簡短記載，某一個想法的說明，對一個人物或一件事情的簡要敘述或說明等，就可以只用一個段落來表現(xiàn)主題。
在記敘文中，段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以很簡單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒有停頓。段與段之所以分開，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細節(jié)置于顯著的地位。
某些測試用的表達題，在題目中就已經(jīng)說明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫一個段落，而不是一篇文章。對于這一類的寫作試題，就可以予以簡潔的處理，并不是非要擴充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。
下面這篇題為Weekend Homework(談周末作業(yè))的短文，就是用一個段落來論述問題和表達觀點的。
Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, dont you agree?
英語作文的文章的結(jié)尾
文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個或者更多的句子組成，有時候一個句子也能成段。
文章的正文應以文章的開頭為線索，具體地敘述、說明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長短，每個段落都必須為主題服務。像說明文和議論文這一類的文章，一個主題還常分成幾個小主題，每個小主題要用一個段落處理，另起一段時，應是一層新的意思。每一段的開頭，要放一個表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務。句子之間應銜結(jié)自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無關的句子;英語寫作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對初學者來說，以放在段首為好。見下列這篇題為How to Be a Good Student (怎樣做個好學生)的文章：
We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.
A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies. The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.
To take care of ones own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasnt got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.
Lastly, to cultivate ones own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence
of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.
這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每-段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點和思想，同時又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開，同時句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然;各層的意思都很連貫。
分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫的題目范圍很小，那就無須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個段落去闡述了。像一篇簡短的評論;某一事情的簡短記載，某一個想法的說明，對一個人物或一件事情的簡要敘述或說明等，就可以只用一個段落來表現(xiàn)主題。
在記敘文中，段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以很簡單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒有停頓。段與段之所以分開，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細節(jié)置于顯著的地位。
某些測試用的表達題，在題目中就已經(jīng)說明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫一個段落，而不是一篇文章。對于這一類的寫作試題，就可以予以簡潔的處理，并不是非要擴充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。
下面這篇題為Weekend Homework(談周末作業(yè))的短文，就是用一個段落來論述問題和表達觀點的。
Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, dont you agree?
英語寫作三步驟
訓練指導者方針的好壞是一個前提條件。合理地設置訓練程序，使英語習作從初級到高級沿著一條循序漸進，由簡到多的進程發(fā)展是成功訓練者必須具備的指導思想。本篇認為，在習作訓練的初期，應采納一條從有材料可依的習作方式過渡到脫離本本進行自由寫作方式的途徑。從有材可依到元材可依的訓練過程應包括三個階段：
一、短文縮寫(Summary)階段。
短文縮寫可以是就所學課文進行縮寫，也可以采用其它閱讀材料，但要求被縮寫的材料難易程度不超過所學課本。被用于進行縮寫的課文或其它材料必須觀點明確，層次分明，敘述有條理。縮寫時應做到簡明扼要，抓住重點，不要拖泥帶水，沒有主次。初學階段的被縮寫材料不宜太長，以不超一千詞為佳，縮寫文以不超過 2m詞為佳。以下就一篇短文進行縮寫，限于篇幅，短文內(nèi)容有所節(jié)略。
Most shops in Britain open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00 or 5.30 in the evening. Small shopsusually close for an hour at lunchtime. On one or two days a week-usually Thursday and/or Friday-some large food shops stay until about 8.00 p.m. for late night shopping.
Many shops are closed in the afternoon on one day a week. The days is usually Wednesday orThursday and it is a different day in different towns. Nearly all shops are closed on Sunday. News-paper shops are open in the morning, and sell sweets and cigarettes as well. But there are legal restrictions on selling many things on Sundays. Many large food shops(supermarkets)are self-service. When you go into one of these shops you take a basket and you put the things you wish to buy into it. You queue up at the cash-desk and pay for everything just before you leave. If anyone tries to take things from a shop without paying they are almost certain to be caught. Most shops have store detectives who have the job of catching shoplifters. Shoplifting is considered a serious crime by the police and the courts. When you are waiting to be served in a shop, itis important to wait your turn. It is important not to try to be served before people who arrived before you. Many people from overseas are astonished at the British habit of queuing.
將短文縮寫如下：
This article tells us about British shops. British shops usually open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00or 5.30 p.m. Many shops are closed in the afternoon one day a week. Nearly all shops are closed on Sundays. In Britain, many large food shops are self-service. And when you wait to be served in a shop, you have to wait patiently for your turn.
這是一篇不超過100詞的縮寫，句子基本上由原文各段落的主要內(nèi)容構(gòu)成。個別段落被完全刪除以保證縮寫重點突出，前后連貫。縮寫是一種依材剪貼的習作方式，基本上采用原材料中的詞語和句子，僅作了部分調(diào)整，是最初級的習作方式。
二、短文評論(Brief Comment)階段。
短評是就所學課文或閱讀材料進行評論。通過分析原文中的內(nèi)容和觀點，提出一定的看法。短評可以是對原文觀點表示贊同，也可以提出異議或不同看法。如對前文便可作以下評論：
From the article we learned about British shops, about their opening and closing time and their service. But we find that there are something inconvenient with British shop service. First is the time. Shops in Britain open very late and close too early. Second is that there is almost no Sunday service. Where can people go if they suddenly need to buy something? The last is the habit of queuing. It will be a waste of time if the queue is too long.
初學階段，短文評論的字數(shù)一般也應在150字左右，不宜寫大多。短評是一種一半依材一半發(fā)揮的習作方式。在內(nèi)容上，一部分取自原文，一部分靠自己的思考。在用詞上，可以部分地依賴原文，也需使用一些其它詞匯。此外，短評的行文布局和用句也是一半模仿，一半創(chuàng)造。短評的這種特點使它非常適合承接短文縮寫階段，而又為后期階段打下一定的基礎。
三、引導寫作(Guided Writing)階段。
引導寫作可分為重新編排句子順序。規(guī)定情景作文。看圖作文。提綱作文。關鍵詞作文等形式。這些形式均可以用于訓練，但以提綱作文和關鍵詞作文多用為佳. 提綱作文是一種給出題目和段落提綱的習作方式，其段落寫作提綱可以采用段落主旨句的形式，也可以是短語。關鍵詞作文是一種給出作文題目和一些關鍵詞或詞組的命題作文形式。由于有段落寫作提綱或主旨句等，進行習作時，減少了審題環(huán)節(jié)，且寫作思路受到引導。在訓練初期，引導寫作的命題應盡量與所學英語書本的內(nèi)容掛鉤，使學生能夠參照一部分課文所學的詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)，避免大多生詞。如針對上篇短文便可出一道相關命題引導學生習作：
題目：shops in China
提綱：(1)中國商店的作息時間 (2)中國商店的周未服務情況 (3)中國商店服務態(tài)度的好壞以上是關于英語習作初級階段的訓練步驟。三個步驟的三種形式，相承相繼，循序漸進，為進入自由命題寫作打下了良好的基礎。既適合教師指導學生習作課使用，也適合學習者自我訓練。事實證明，這三個步驟是英語習作人門的有效做法。
英語作文的文章的開頭
一篇文章通常可分為三個部分，即開頭、正文和結(jié)尾。這三個部分安排是否得體，直接影響到文章的質(zhì)量。
文章的開頭一般來說應盡量做到開門見山，用簡單明白的敘述引出文章的話題，使讀者了解文章要談論什么，一下于引起讀者的興趣。
作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種：
1.開門見山，揭示主題
文章一開頭，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如How I Spent My Vacation(我怎樣度假)的開頭是：
I Spent my last vacation happily.
下面是題為Honesty(談誠實)一文中的開頭：
Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a liar，and is looked upon by honest people.
2.交代人物、事情、時間或環(huán)境開頭
在文章的開頭，先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如A Trip to Jinshan (去金山旅游)的開頭：
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
3. 回憶性的開頭
用回憶的方法來開頭。例如A Trip to the Taishan Mountain(泰山游)的開頭是：
I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
4.概括性的開頭
即對要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個概括性的介紹。如The Happiness of Reading Books(讀書的快樂)的開頭：
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
5.介紹環(huán)境式的開頭
即開頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如An Accident(一場事故)的開頭是:
It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
6.交待寫作目的的開頭。
在文章的一開頭就交待寫作目的，如通過文章要表揚誰，批評誰，或說明一個什么問題等。如 Pollution Control (控制污染)的開頭：
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.
英語作文的文章的正文
文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個或者更多的句子組成，有時候一個句子也能成段。
文章的正文應以文章的開頭為線索，具體地敘述、說明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長短，每個段落都必須為主題服務。像說明文和議論文這一類的文章，一個主題還常分成幾個小主題，每個小主題要用一個段落處理，另起一段時，應是一層新的意思。每一段的開頭，要放一個表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務。句子之間應銜結(jié)自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無關的句子;英語寫作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對初學者來說，以放在段首為好。見下列這篇題為How to Be a Good Student (怎樣做個好學生)的文章：
We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.
A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies. The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.
To take care of ones own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasnt got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.
Lastly, to cultivate ones own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence
of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.
這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每-段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點和思想，同時又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開，同時句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然;各層的意思都很連貫。
分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫的題目范圍很小，那就無須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個段落去闡述了。像一篇簡短的評論;某一事情的簡短記載，某一個想法的說明，對一個人物或一件事情的簡要敘述或說明等，就可以只用一個段落來表現(xiàn)主題。
在記敘文中，段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以很簡單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒有停頓。段與段之所以分開，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細節(jié)置于顯著的地位。
某些測試用的表達題，在題目中就已經(jīng)說明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫一個段落，而不是一篇文章。對于這一類的寫作試題，就可以予以簡潔的處理，并不是非要擴充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。
下面這篇題為Weekend Homework(談周末作業(yè))的短文，就是用一個段落來論述問題和表達觀點的。
Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, dont you agree?
英語作文的文章的結(jié)尾
文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個或者更多的句子組成，有時候一個句子也能成段。
文章的正文應以文章的開頭為線索，具體地敘述、說明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長短，每個段落都必須為主題服務。像說明文和議論文這一類的文章，一個主題還常分成幾個小主題，每個小主題要用一個段落處理，另起一段時，應是一層新的意思。每一段的開頭，要放一個表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務。句子之間應銜結(jié)自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無關的句子;英語寫作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對初學者來說，以放在段首為好。見下列這篇題為How to Be a Good Student (怎樣做個好學生)的文章：
We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.
A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies. The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.
To take care of ones own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasnt got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.
Lastly, to cultivate ones own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence
of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.
這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每-段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點和思想，同時又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開，同時句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然;各層的意思都很連貫。
分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫的題目范圍很小，那就無須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個段落去闡述了。像一篇簡短的評論;某一事情的簡短記載，某一個想法的說明，對一個人物或一件事情的簡要敘述或說明等，就可以只用一個段落來表現(xiàn)主題。
在記敘文中，段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以很簡單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒有停頓。段與段之所以分開，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細節(jié)置于顯著的地位。
某些測試用的表達題，在題目中就已經(jīng)說明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫一個段落，而不是一篇文章。對于這一類的寫作試題，就可以予以簡潔的處理，并不是非要擴充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。
下面這篇題為Weekend Homework(談周末作業(yè))的短文，就是用一個段落來論述問題和表達觀點的。
Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, dont you agree?
英語寫作三步驟
訓練指導者方針的好壞是一個前提條件。合理地設置訓練程序，使英語習作從初級到高級沿著一條循序漸進，由簡到多的進程發(fā)展是成功訓練者必須具備的指導思想。本篇認為，在習作訓練的初期，應采納一條從有材料可依的習作方式過渡到脫離本本進行自由寫作方式的途徑。從有材可依到元材可依的訓練過程應包括三個階段：
一、短文縮寫(Summary)階段。
短文縮寫可以是就所學課文進行縮寫，也可以采用其它閱讀材料，但要求被縮寫的材料難易程度不超過所學課本。被用于進行縮寫的課文或其它材料必須觀點明確，層次分明，敘述有條理。縮寫時應做到簡明扼要，抓住重點，不要拖泥帶水，沒有主次。初學階段的被縮寫材料不宜太長，以不超一千詞為佳，縮寫文以不超過 2m詞為佳。以下就一篇短文進行縮寫，限于篇幅，短文內(nèi)容有所節(jié)略。
Most shops in Britain open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00 or 5.30 in the evening. Small shopsusually close for an hour at lunchtime. On one or two days a week-usually Thursday and/or Friday-some large food shops stay until about 8.00 p.m. for late night shopping.
Many shops are closed in the afternoon on one day a week. The days is usually Wednesday orThursday and it is a different day in different towns. Nearly all shops are closed on Sunday. News-paper shops are open in the morning, and sell sweets and cigarettes as well. But there are legal restrictions on selling many things on Sundays. Many large food shops(supermarkets)are self-service. When you go into one of these shops you take a basket and you put the things you wish to buy into it. You queue up at the cash-desk and pay for everything just before you leave. If anyone tries to take things from a shop without paying they are almost certain to be caught. Most shops have store detectives who have the job of catching shoplifters. Shoplifting is considered a serious crime by the police and the courts. When you are waiting to be served in a shop, itis important to wait your turn. It is important not to try to be served before people who arrived before you. Many people from overseas are astonished at the British habit of queuing.
將短文縮寫如下：
This article tells us about British shops. British shops usually open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00or 5.30 p.m. Many shops are closed in the afternoon one day a week. Nearly all shops are closed on Sundays. In Britain, many large food shops are self-service. And when you wait to be served in a shop, you have to wait patiently for your turn.
這是一篇不超過100詞的縮寫，句子基本上由原文各段落的主要內(nèi)容構(gòu)成。個別段落被完全刪除以保證縮寫重點突出，前后連貫。縮寫是一種依材剪貼的習作方式，基本上采用原材料中的詞語和句子，僅作了部分調(diào)整，是最初級的習作方式。
二、短文評論(Brief Comment)階段。
短評是就所學課文或閱讀材料進行評論。通過分析原文中的內(nèi)容和觀點，提出一定的看法。短評可以是對原文觀點表示贊同，也可以提出異議或不同看法。如對前文便可作以下評論：
From the article we learned about British shops, about their opening and closing time and their service. But we find that there are something inconvenient with British shop service. First is the time. Shops in Britain open very late and close too early. Second is that there is almost no Sunday service. Where can people go if they suddenly need to buy something? The last is the habit of queuing. It will be a waste of time if the queue is too long.
初學階段，短文評論的字數(shù)一般也應在150字左右，不宜寫大多。短評是一種一半依材一半發(fā)揮的習作方式。在內(nèi)容上，一部分取自原文，一部分靠自己的思考。在用詞上，可以部分地依賴原文，也需使用一些其它詞匯。此外，短評的行文布局和用句也是一半模仿，一半創(chuàng)造。短評的這種特點使它非常適合承接短文縮寫階段，而又為后期階段打下一定的基礎。
三、引導寫作(Guided Writing)階段。
引導寫作可分為重新編排句子順序。規(guī)定情景作文。看圖作文。提綱作文。關鍵詞作文等形式。這些形式均可以用于訓練，但以提綱作文和關鍵詞作文多用為佳. 提綱作文是一種給出題目和段落提綱的習作方式，其段落寫作提綱可以采用段落主旨句的形式，也可以是短語。關鍵詞作文是一種給出作文題目和一些關鍵詞或詞組的命題作文形式。由于有段落寫作提綱或主旨句等，進行習作時，減少了審題環(huán)節(jié)，且寫作思路受到引導。在訓練初期，引導寫作的命題應盡量與所學英語書本的內(nèi)容掛鉤，使學生能夠參照一部分課文所學的詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)，避免大多生詞。如針對上篇短文便可出一道相關命題引導學生習作：
題目：shops in China
提綱：(1)中國商店的作息時間 (2)中國商店的周未服務情況 (3)中國商店服務態(tài)度的好壞以上是關于英語習作初級階段的訓練步驟。三個步驟的三種形式，相承相繼，循序漸進，為進入自由命題寫作打下了良好的基礎。既適合教師指導學生習作課使用，也適合學習者自我訓練。事實證明，這三個步驟是英語習作人門的有效做法。
