2024年GMAT考試閱讀理解模擬試題

　　The United States government has a long-standing policy of using federal funds to keep small business viable. The Small Business Act of 1953 authorized the Small Business Administration (SBA) to enter into contracts with government agencies having procurement powers and to arrange for fulfillment of these contracts by awarding subcontracts to small businesses. In the mid-1960\'s, during the war on poverty years, Congress hoped to encourage minority entrepreneurs by directing such funding to minority businesses. At first this funding was directed toward minority entrepreneurs with very low incomes. A 1967 amendment to the Economic Opportunity Act directed the SBA to pay special attention to minority-owned businesses located in urban or rural areas characterized by high proportions of unemployed or low-income individuals. Since then, the answer given to the fundamental question of who the recipients should be--the most economically disadvantaged or those with the best prospects for business success--has changed, and the social goals of the programs have shifted, resulting in policy changes.

　　The first shift occurred during the early 1970\'s. While the goal of assisting the economically disadvantaged entrepreneur remained, a new goal emerged: to remedy the effects of past discrimination. In fact, in 1970 the SBA explicitly stated that their main goal was to increase the number of minority-owned businesses. At the time, minorities constituted seventeen percent of the nation\'s population, but only four percent of the nation\'s self-employed. This ownership gap was held to be the result of past discrimination. Increasing the number of minority-owned firms was seen as a way to remedy this problem. In that context, providing funding to minority entrepreneurs in middle- and high-income brackets seemed justified.

　　In the late 1970\'s, the goals of minority-business funding programs shifted again. At the Minority Business Development Agency, for example, the goal of increasing numbers of minority-owned firms was supplanted by the goal of creating and assisting more minority-owned substantive firms with future growth potential. Assisting manufacturers or wholesalers became far more important than assisting small service businesses. Minority-business funding programs were now justified as instruments for economic development, particularly for creating jobs in minority communities of high unemployment.

　　文章概況：美國政府制定了一個(gè)資金幫助小企業(yè)的政策，并且在剛開始就資助那些比較窮的小企業(yè)家，第二段說目標(biāo)發(fā)生了一些變化，雖然政府一如既往地支持窮的小企業(yè)，但出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新的目標(biāo)：消除過去歧視帶來的影響，后面給了一些細(xì)節(jié)。第三段說過了一段時(shí)間目標(biāo)又變了，目標(biāo)調(diào)整成資助那些有潛力的小企業(yè)。

　　Question

　　The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　(A) discuss historical changes in a government policy

　　(B) describe the role of Congress in regulating the work of the SBA

　　(C) contrast types of funding sources used by minority businesses

　　(D) correct a misconception about minority entrepreneurship

　　(E) advocate an alternative approach to funding minority entrepreneurs

　　問主旨，我們直接看選項(xiàng)

　　A 政策變化，和我讀的有點(diǎn)關(guān)系，先留著

　　B 描述議會(huì)在管理SBA上的作用，沒提，殺

　　C 對(duì)比資金來源的類型，沒提，殺

　　D 糾正了一個(gè)對(duì)于小企業(yè)的誤解，沒提，殺

　　E 主張另外一個(gè)資助小企業(yè)的方法，文章只列出了變化，沒有說支持哪種變化，明顯是主觀答案，殺

　　Question

　　It can be inferred that the "ownership gap" (see highlighted text) would be narrowed if which of the following were to occur?

　　(A) Minority entrepreneurs received a percentage of government contracts equal to that received by nonminority entrepreneurs.

　　(B) Middle- and high-income minority entrepreneurs gave more assistance to their low-income counterparts in the business community.

　　(C) Minority entrepreneurs hired a percentage of minority employees equal to the percentage of minority residents in their own communities.

　　(D) The percentage of self-employed minority persons rose to more than ten percent of all self-employed persons.

　　(E) Seventeen percent of all persons employed in small businesses were self-employed.

　　問的是那個(gè)gap在什么條件下會(huì)變小，我們回原文先看看這個(gè)詞匯所在這句話，說這種歧視導(dǎo)致了gap，這句話偏虛，我們讀原文的目的是排除選項(xiàng)，讀的越虛排除選項(xiàng)的可能性就越小，得找到這個(gè)虛的對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)的在哪。這句話開頭說這個(gè)歧視，把歧視說清楚的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是上面那句，我們讀，說minority占人口的百分之七而只有百分之四是self employed的，我們來看選項(xiàng)

　　A 兩種人誰收到的合同多，沒提，殺

　　B 中產(chǎn)和高收入者資助低收入的對(duì)手，殺

　　C 雇用員工數(shù)量多少，沒提，殺

　　D 好歹說了 self-employed，先留著

　　E 也說了，留著，可這個(gè)和原文不對(duì)應(yīng)，稍微讀懂點(diǎn)原文就知道說的是其中的百分之四，顯然這個(gè)選項(xiàng)不行

　　Question

　　According to the passage, in 1970 funding to minority entrepreneurs focused primarily on which of the following?

　　(A) Alleviating chronic unemployment in urban areas

　　(B) Narrowing the ownership gap

　　(C) Assisting minority-owned businesses with growth potential

　　(D) Awarding subcontracts to businesses that encouraged community development

　　(E) Targeting the most economically disadvantaged minority-owned businesses

　　問1970資助企業(yè)的目的是什么?文章第二段說的很清楚，資助的目的就是為了消除歧視的影響，歧視的影響是什么(影響太虛，必須知道影響對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)的是什么)，顯然是ownership，理解到這選哪個(gè)?顯然是B

　　Question

　　Which of the following best describes the function of the second paragraph in the passage as a whole?

　　(A) It narrows the scope of the topic introduced in the first paragraph.

　　(B) It presents an example of the type of change discussed in the first paragraph.

　　(C) It cites the most striking instance of historical change in a particular government policy.

　　(D) It explains the rationale for the creation of the government agency whose operations are discussed in the first paragraph.

　　(E) It presents the results of policies adopted by the federal government.

　　問第二段的功能是什么?第二段開頭就已經(jīng)說了第一段那個(gè)政策變了，我們來看看選項(xiàng)

　　A 把第一段內(nèi)容范圍變窄，文章在第二段方向變了不是narrow，方向不對(duì)勁，殺

　　B說了一個(gè)變化，有點(diǎn)關(guān)系，留著

　　C 也說了一個(gè)變化，留著

　　D解釋第一段的東西，方向不對(duì)勁，殺

　　E 提出一個(gè)政策的結(jié)果，方向還是一致的，文章第二段方向變了，殺

　　B和C哪個(gè)像佛，顯然是B

　　The United States government has a long-standing policy of using federal funds to keep small business viable. The Small Business Act of 1953 authorized the Small Business Administration (SBA) to enter into contracts with government agencies having procurement powers and to arrange for fulfillment of these contracts by awarding subcontracts to small businesses. In the mid-1960\'s, during the war on poverty years, Congress hoped to encourage minority entrepreneurs by directing such funding to minority businesses. At first this funding was directed toward minority entrepreneurs with very low incomes. A 1967 amendment to the Economic Opportunity Act directed the SBA to pay special attention to minority-owned businesses located in urban or rural areas characterized by high proportions of unemployed or low-income individuals. Since then, the answer given to the fundamental question of who the recipients should be--the most economically disadvantaged or those with the best prospects for business success--has changed, and the social goals of the programs have shifted, resulting in policy changes.

　　The first shift occurred during the early 1970\'s. While the goal of assisting the economically disadvantaged entrepreneur remained, a new goal emerged: to remedy the effects of past discrimination. In fact, in 1970 the SBA explicitly stated that their main goal was to increase the number of minority-owned businesses. At the time, minorities constituted seventeen percent of the nation\'s population, but only four percent of the nation\'s self-employed. This ownership gap was held to be the result of past discrimination. Increasing the number of minority-owned firms was seen as a way to remedy this problem. In that context, providing funding to minority entrepreneurs in middle- and high-income brackets seemed justified.

　　In the late 1970\'s, the goals of minority-business funding programs shifted again. At the Minority Business Development Agency, for example, the goal of increasing numbers of minority-owned firms was supplanted by the goal of creating and assisting more minority-owned substantive firms with future growth potential. Assisting manufacturers or wholesalers became far more important than assisting small service businesses. Minority-business funding programs were now justified as instruments for economic development, particularly for creating jobs in minority communities of high unemployment.

　　文章概況：美國政府制定了一個(gè)資金幫助小企業(yè)的政策，并且在剛開始就資助那些比較窮的小企業(yè)家，第二段說目標(biāo)發(fā)生了一些變化，雖然政府一如既往地支持窮的小企業(yè)，但出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新的目標(biāo)：消除過去歧視帶來的影響，后面給了一些細(xì)節(jié)。第三段說過了一段時(shí)間目標(biāo)又變了，目標(biāo)調(diào)整成資助那些有潛力的小企業(yè)。

　　Question

　　The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　(A) discuss historical changes in a government policy

　　(B) describe the role of Congress in regulating the work of the SBA

　　(C) contrast types of funding sources used by minority businesses

　　(D) correct a misconception about minority entrepreneurship

　　(E) advocate an alternative approach to funding minority entrepreneurs

　　問主旨，我們直接看選項(xiàng)

　　A 政策變化，和我讀的有點(diǎn)關(guān)系，先留著

　　B 描述議會(huì)在管理SBA上的作用，沒提，殺

　　C 對(duì)比資金來源的類型，沒提，殺

　　D 糾正了一個(gè)對(duì)于小企業(yè)的誤解，沒提，殺

　　E 主張另外一個(gè)資助小企業(yè)的方法，文章只列出了變化，沒有說支持哪種變化，明顯是主觀答案，殺

　　Question

　　It can be inferred that the "ownership gap" (see highlighted text) would be narrowed if which of the following were to occur?

　　(A) Minority entrepreneurs received a percentage of government contracts equal to that received by nonminority entrepreneurs.

　　(B) Middle- and high-income minority entrepreneurs gave more assistance to their low-income counterparts in the business community.

　　(C) Minority entrepreneurs hired a percentage of minority employees equal to the percentage of minority residents in their own communities.

　　(D) The percentage of self-employed minority persons rose to more than ten percent of all self-employed persons.

　　(E) Seventeen percent of all persons employed in small businesses were self-employed.

　　問的是那個(gè)gap在什么條件下會(huì)變小，我們回原文先看看這個(gè)詞匯所在這句話，說這種歧視導(dǎo)致了gap，這句話偏虛，我們讀原文的目的是排除選項(xiàng)，讀的越虛排除選項(xiàng)的可能性就越小，得找到這個(gè)虛的對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)的在哪。這句話開頭說這個(gè)歧視，把歧視說清楚的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是上面那句，我們讀，說minority占人口的百分之七而只有百分之四是self employed的，我們來看選項(xiàng)

　　A 兩種人誰收到的合同多，沒提，殺

　　B 中產(chǎn)和高收入者資助低收入的對(duì)手，殺

　　C 雇用員工數(shù)量多少，沒提，殺

　　D 好歹說了 self-employed，先留著

　　E 也說了，留著，可這個(gè)和原文不對(duì)應(yīng)，稍微讀懂點(diǎn)原文就知道說的是其中的百分之四，顯然這個(gè)選項(xiàng)不行

　　Question

　　According to the passage, in 1970 funding to minority entrepreneurs focused primarily on which of the following?

　　(A) Alleviating chronic unemployment in urban areas

　　(B) Narrowing the ownership gap

　　(C) Assisting minority-owned businesses with growth potential

　　(D) Awarding subcontracts to businesses that encouraged community development

　　(E) Targeting the most economically disadvantaged minority-owned businesses

　　問1970資助企業(yè)的目的是什么?文章第二段說的很清楚，資助的目的就是為了消除歧視的影響，歧視的影響是什么(影響太虛，必須知道影響對(duì)應(yīng)的實(shí)的是什么)，顯然是ownership，理解到這選哪個(gè)?顯然是B

　　Question

　　Which of the following best describes the function of the second paragraph in the passage as a whole?

　　(A) It narrows the scope of the topic introduced in the first paragraph.

　　(B) It presents an example of the type of change discussed in the first paragraph.

　　(C) It cites the most striking instance of historical change in a particular government policy.

　　(D) It explains the rationale for the creation of the government agency whose operations are discussed in the first paragraph.

　　(E) It presents the results of policies adopted by the federal government.

　　問第二段的功能是什么?第二段開頭就已經(jīng)說了第一段那個(gè)政策變了，我們來看看選項(xiàng)

　　A 把第一段內(nèi)容范圍變窄，文章在第二段方向變了不是narrow，方向不對(duì)勁，殺

　　B說了一個(gè)變化，有點(diǎn)關(guān)系，留著

　　C 也說了一個(gè)變化，留著

　　D解釋第一段的東西，方向不對(duì)勁，殺

　　E 提出一個(gè)政策的結(jié)果，方向還是一致的，文章第二段方向變了，殺

　　B和C哪個(gè)像佛，顯然是B