英語四級考試閱讀30天學習筆記
1.試驗型
2.科技成果型 3.現象解釋型
按照體裁分為三類：
一、 說明文 1.抓住說明對象 2.重要數據事實
二、 議論文 屬于文科類文章
三、 記敘文
閱讀中難點句型：
一、 多重復合句----關鍵抓住主句主干成分
二、 多重并列句----兩個主句并列在一起，而非主句從句嵌套在一起
三、 強調句----被強調部分為主語、賓語、狀語 It is that
四、 被動句----基本結構 A is done by B
五、 倒裝句----否定詞 hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only 引起句子倒裝
六、 省略句----e.g. He is a good man, so am I.
建議采用的閱讀方法：
一、 掃描題干，大致了解題目類型及分布，將其中細節題題干關鍵詞劃出。
二、速讀原文，遇到題干關鍵詞或其同義詞時做適當標記;關注考試原則句。
考試原則句：重要句，轉折句，條件句，因果關系句，復合句等難句，時間，數字，人名，比較。
三、定位答案，正確選項為文章對應語句的同義改寫。
題型攻略：
一、主題題
兩種變體：1.寫作目的題型 purpose of writing
2.文章標題題型 the best title
做題方法：1.找主題句
2.找主體詞
二、細節題 類型：1.對錯題 2.例證題 3.一般細節題
做題方法：準確定位
三、詞匯題
類型：1.指代題 2.詞義題
做題方法：1.根據上下文關系
2.構詞法
st:stay--stand--stationary--street--star--statue--status
pose:position-expose
1. 詞根詞綴 2. 閱讀記憶
3. 聯想記憶 如：handsome
morose
ancillary
四、推理題
正確答案特點：文章對應內容的同義改寫
五、作者態度題
做題方法：1.找作者直接評價語句
2.找表達感情色彩的形容詞、動詞、副詞
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies
B) for military purposes
C) for business considerations
D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy
B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) doubted B) gave proof to
C) challenged D) agreed to
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.
注：1.Oceanography 由 Ocean 和 graphy 組成，意為海洋學
2.application 表示申請用介詞for,表示應用用介詞to
3.第一句給某個東西下定義，稱為篇章定義，必為文章主題
Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
注：1.第二段：在十九世紀之前，對海洋感興趣的科學家很少，可以推斷本文根據時間順序來描述海洋學發展的過程
2.further 跟在 to 后面是個動詞，表示推進
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
注：1. remote 遙遠的
2. and with...多重復合句
3. intercontinental 洲際的
4. let alone 更不用說
5. first time 由不感興趣轉折到感興趣 ，謂語是 was
6. 第二句that引導同位語從句，when引導表語從句，整句意思為當有人基于商業目的建議在美國和歐洲之間鋪設電報電纜的時候，人們才提出問題：海底是什么?
7.route 路線 router 路由器
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
注：1. it was ...that...強調句型
2. turn to sb. for sth. 向某人請教某事
3. 出現問題中劃線詞：Maury,1840s
3. investigate 調查， 測量
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there
was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
注：1.not until 引導的句子要倒裝
2.living growth 生物
3.a fact 作同位語
4.contemporary 當代的
5.defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24題答案為C
24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) doubted B) gave proof to
C) challenged D) agreed to
注：詞匯題。定位倒數第二段
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition , which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.
注：oceanography 最末一段與第一段首句都出現 oceanagraphy, 回環結構。
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies
B) for military purposes
C) for business considerations
D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
注：推理題。定位第三段,倒數第三行。選項 D 的內容出現在第四段，為竄段選項
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy
B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
注：細節題。定位第四段,選項 B和C是竄段選項
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
注：1.細節題。定位第四段，第二行。
2.B 和 C 是竄段選項，A選項中的sound和文章中的sounding含義不同。
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) doubted B) gave proof to
C) challenged D) agreed to
注：詞匯題。定位倒數第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24題答案為C
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
注：主題題。主題關鍵詞為oceanography
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason ____.
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
examination?
注：1.reasoning 推理
2.第一句 Another...下結論，是主題句
3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?是舉例,可以略讀
4.malnutrition 中mal是表示不好的前綴;overnutrition 營養過剩
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work we first relate the effect to the cause and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注：1.causal 原因的，因果關系的
2.三種推理方式：從原因到結果、從結果到原因、從結果到原因再到另一個結果，第三種更重要
3.extensive 廣泛的，來自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛讀
4.In other words 換而言之 a succession of 一系列
5.本段講關系鏈
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugsor an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection 交叉路口 inter+section
In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
注：在證實或駁斥因果關系需要把推理過程顯示出來，如燈滅了，牛奶變酸：燈滅了-停電-冰箱不工作-溫度上升-牛奶變酸
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落內容=首句+結構提示詞，one-the
other/some-another
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
2. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason
A) from cause to effect
