12月大學英語四級閱讀練習（1）
備考英語四級的同學不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀是英語四級考試中非常重要的一部分，閱讀理解題想要拿到比較理想的成績，就要加強練習，不斷提高自身的閱讀能力。
Its hard to get too worked up about dust. Yes, its a nuisance, but its hardly one that causes us much anxiety and our language itself suggests as much. We call those clumps of the stuff under the bed dust bunnies after all, not, say, dust vermin.
to get worked up 為某件事生氣;不開心
clumps of 一團一團的
dust bunny 積塵;灰兔子(關(guān)于灰塵的比較萌的說法)
But theres a higher ick factor to dust than you might think. And theres a science to how it gets around a science that David Layton and Paloma Beamer, professors of environmental policy at the University of Arizona, are exploring.
get around 傳播;散播
Layton and Beamer, whose latest study has been accepted for fall publication in the journal Environmental Science Technology, knew a lot about their subject even before they set to work. Historically, everyone from chemists to homemakers has tried to figure out just what dust is made of, and the Arizona researchers drew their preliminary data mostly from two studies of household dust conducted in the Netherlands and the U.S. The American survey in particular was a big one, covering six Midwestern states. Layton and Beamer also included a localized study in Sacramento, Calif., that focused particularly on lead contamination. What all those surveys showed was decidedly unappetizing.
figure out 理解;解決;計算
The specific dust mix in any household differs according to climate, age of the house and the number of people who live in it not to mention the occupants cooking, cleaning and smoking habits. But nearly everywhere, dust consists of some combination of shed bits of human skin, animal fur, decomposing insects, food debris, lint and organic fibers from clothes, bedding and other fabrics, tracked-in soil, soot, particulate matter from smoking and cooking, and, disturbingly, lead, arsenic and even DDT.
There are more , Beamer says. Dust is a hodgepodge of all sorts of things. It would probably be impossible to make a list of all the possible items.
But dusts ingredient label is not the whole story, since all of those flecks and bits behave differently and present different levels of health risk. To investigate those factors more closely, Layton and Beamer developed a computer algorithm that looked at the size, source and toxicity of dust particles as well as how easily they enter the house, if they ever exit and, if so, by what route. That information, by extension, can provide at least a rough sense of the dust load in your own home.
As a general rule, the majority of household dust about 60% comes from outside, through windows, doors, vents and, significantly, on the soles of your shoes. Smaller dust particles from 28 to 49 microns, or thousandths of a millimeter tend to stay on your shoes. The rest is shaken off inside. A higher share of the dust that floats in the air gets deposited, but again, theres a lot that determines how much any one home will get.
Here in Arizona, says Beamer, where we leave our windows open most of the year and have an arid climate, we would probably have a higher ratio. Industrial centers or sooty cities have plenty of dust too, though for different reasons.
arid adj. 干旱的;不毛的
ratio n. 比例
Theres not much to fret about in simple particles of dirt or organic materials such as pollen , but lead, arsenic and DDT can be a more serious matter. About one-third of the arsenic in the atmosphere comes from natural sources volcanoes principally. The rest comes from mining, smelting, burning fossil fuels and other industrial processes. Even in relatively low concentrations, arsenic is not without risk, especially to small children who play on the floor and routinely transfer things from their hands to their mouths. The same is true for lead, which comes less from wall paint the source most people would expect than from auto exhaust, smelting and soil deposits. Lead loading on floors is a key determinant of blood-lead levels in children, Layton and Beamer wrote in their paper.
fret about 因焦急;為煩惱
particle n. 顆粒;微粒
pollen n. 花粉
low concentration 低濃度
determinant adj. 決定性的 n. 決定因素
The fact that DDT is still in house dust is a surprise to most people, since the pesticide was banned in the U.S. in 1972. But a house is a little like a living organism: once it absorbs a contaminant, it may never purge it completely. Dust in our homes, says Beamer, especially deep dust in our carpets and furniture, is a conglomerate of substances over the life of the home and can provide a historical record of chemicals that have entered it.
contaminant n. 污染物;致污物
purge v. 凈化;清除
The mess that originates within the home is a lot easier to measure and control. The more people who live there, the more skin thats going to be shed, the more pets, the more animal fur. And, as Mom always warned, the more you walk around the house while eating, the more food debris youll drop on the floor which also attracts more insects that will die, decompose and add their own special zest to your dust. Cooking smoke and tobacco smoke, which are the most obvious contributors when theyre being produced, actually make only a small contribution to what winds up on floors and surfaces. The tiny size of the particles makes them likelier to rise and adhere to other surfaces or simply remain in the air than to settle.
shed v. 散發(fā);流出
wind up 卷起;揚起
It goes without saying that your home will never be dust-free, but there are ways to reduce your own dust loading and its important that you try. Dust mites, which feed on shed skin, produce allergens that are known triggers for people suffering from asthma. Same goes for cockroach dust, especially in cities. No one needs much convincing about the wisdom of getting rid of arsenic, and the good news is that about 80% of it can be removed simply by cleaning floor dust regularly.
it goes without saying 不言而喻;不消說
allergen 過敏原;反應原
None of this means that dust poses a clear and present danger or that you need to take any extraordinary measures. Just clean regularly, dont smoke, eat at the table and try not to freak out. Dust bunnies are still only bunnies; you may just want fewer of them.
freak out 嚇壞了;崩潰
Question time:
1. How does dust come into our houses?
2. Whats the key factor of blood-lead levels in children according to Layton and Beamer papaer?
3. How to get rid of the dust in house?
參考答案
1. Generally, the majority of household dust about 60% comes from outside, through windows, doors, vents and on the soles ofour shoes.
2. Lead loading on floors.
3. Its important that you try, just clean regularly, dont smoke, eat at the table and try not to freak out.
備考英語四級的同學不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀是英語四級考試中非常重要的一部分，閱讀理解題想要拿到比較理想的成績，就要加強練習，不斷提高自身的閱讀能力。
Its hard to get too worked up about dust. Yes, its a nuisance, but its hardly one that causes us much anxiety and our language itself suggests as much. We call those clumps of the stuff under the bed dust bunnies after all, not, say, dust vermin.
to get worked up 為某件事生氣;不開心
clumps of 一團一團的
dust bunny 積塵;灰兔子(關(guān)于灰塵的比較萌的說法)
But theres a higher ick factor to dust than you might think. And theres a science to how it gets around a science that David Layton and Paloma Beamer, professors of environmental policy at the University of Arizona, are exploring.
get around 傳播;散播
Layton and Beamer, whose latest study has been accepted for fall publication in the journal Environmental Science Technology, knew a lot about their subject even before they set to work. Historically, everyone from chemists to homemakers has tried to figure out just what dust is made of, and the Arizona researchers drew their preliminary data mostly from two studies of household dust conducted in the Netherlands and the U.S. The American survey in particular was a big one, covering six Midwestern states. Layton and Beamer also included a localized study in Sacramento, Calif., that focused particularly on lead contamination. What all those surveys showed was decidedly unappetizing.
figure out 理解;解決;計算
The specific dust mix in any household differs according to climate, age of the house and the number of people who live in it not to mention the occupants cooking, cleaning and smoking habits. But nearly everywhere, dust consists of some combination of shed bits of human skin, animal fur, decomposing insects, food debris, lint and organic fibers from clothes, bedding and other fabrics, tracked-in soil, soot, particulate matter from smoking and cooking, and, disturbingly, lead, arsenic and even DDT.
There are more , Beamer says. Dust is a hodgepodge of all sorts of things. It would probably be impossible to make a list of all the possible items.
But dusts ingredient label is not the whole story, since all of those flecks and bits behave differently and present different levels of health risk. To investigate those factors more closely, Layton and Beamer developed a computer algorithm that looked at the size, source and toxicity of dust particles as well as how easily they enter the house, if they ever exit and, if so, by what route. That information, by extension, can provide at least a rough sense of the dust load in your own home.
As a general rule, the majority of household dust about 60% comes from outside, through windows, doors, vents and, significantly, on the soles of your shoes. Smaller dust particles from 28 to 49 microns, or thousandths of a millimeter tend to stay on your shoes. The rest is shaken off inside. A higher share of the dust that floats in the air gets deposited, but again, theres a lot that determines how much any one home will get.
Here in Arizona, says Beamer, where we leave our windows open most of the year and have an arid climate, we would probably have a higher ratio. Industrial centers or sooty cities have plenty of dust too, though for different reasons.
arid adj. 干旱的;不毛的
ratio n. 比例
Theres not much to fret about in simple particles of dirt or organic materials such as pollen , but lead, arsenic and DDT can be a more serious matter. About one-third of the arsenic in the atmosphere comes from natural sources volcanoes principally. The rest comes from mining, smelting, burning fossil fuels and other industrial processes. Even in relatively low concentrations, arsenic is not without risk, especially to small children who play on the floor and routinely transfer things from their hands to their mouths. The same is true for lead, which comes less from wall paint the source most people would expect than from auto exhaust, smelting and soil deposits. Lead loading on floors is a key determinant of blood-lead levels in children, Layton and Beamer wrote in their paper.
fret about 因焦急;為煩惱
particle n. 顆粒;微粒
pollen n. 花粉
low concentration 低濃度
determinant adj. 決定性的 n. 決定因素
The fact that DDT is still in house dust is a surprise to most people, since the pesticide was banned in the U.S. in 1972. But a house is a little like a living organism: once it absorbs a contaminant, it may never purge it completely. Dust in our homes, says Beamer, especially deep dust in our carpets and furniture, is a conglomerate of substances over the life of the home and can provide a historical record of chemicals that have entered it.
contaminant n. 污染物;致污物
purge v. 凈化;清除
The mess that originates within the home is a lot easier to measure and control. The more people who live there, the more skin thats going to be shed, the more pets, the more animal fur. And, as Mom always warned, the more you walk around the house while eating, the more food debris youll drop on the floor which also attracts more insects that will die, decompose and add their own special zest to your dust. Cooking smoke and tobacco smoke, which are the most obvious contributors when theyre being produced, actually make only a small contribution to what winds up on floors and surfaces. The tiny size of the particles makes them likelier to rise and adhere to other surfaces or simply remain in the air than to settle.
shed v. 散發(fā);流出
wind up 卷起;揚起
It goes without saying that your home will never be dust-free, but there are ways to reduce your own dust loading and its important that you try. Dust mites, which feed on shed skin, produce allergens that are known triggers for people suffering from asthma. Same goes for cockroach dust, especially in cities. No one needs much convincing about the wisdom of getting rid of arsenic, and the good news is that about 80% of it can be removed simply by cleaning floor dust regularly.
it goes without saying 不言而喻;不消說
allergen 過敏原;反應原
None of this means that dust poses a clear and present danger or that you need to take any extraordinary measures. Just clean regularly, dont smoke, eat at the table and try not to freak out. Dust bunnies are still only bunnies; you may just want fewer of them.
freak out 嚇壞了;崩潰
Question time:
1. How does dust come into our houses?
2. Whats the key factor of blood-lead levels in children according to Layton and Beamer papaer?
3. How to get rid of the dust in house?
參考答案
1. Generally, the majority of household dust about 60% comes from outside, through windows, doors, vents and on the soles ofour shoes.
2. Lead loading on floors.
3. Its important that you try, just clean regularly, dont smoke, eat at the table and try not to freak out.
