2023考研英語閱讀全球通脹價格分析
Inflation around theworld;Parsing prices
全球通脹;價格分析
Rising inflation is not as worrisome as it appears,at least for now.
通脹沒有看上去那么可怕，至少現在如此。
Inflation is back. Despite a weak recovery in muchof the world, the threat of rising prices preoccupiespolicymakers and the public. Concerns are greatestin emerging markets. Inflation stands at 4.6% inChina and 5.9% in Brazil; in India it is almost 10%,if below last year s high. But it is on the rich world s agenda, too .
通脹回來了。盡管世界上大部分地區有略微的恢復，但是價格上漲的威脅仍縈繞在政策制定者和公眾的心頭。這種焦慮在新興市場最為嚴重。中國通脹率維持在4.6%，巴西是5.9%,在印度，如果說通脹率比去年最高點低的話也達到了近10%。但是，通脹也提上了富國的議事日程。
Euro-area inflation hit 2.4% in January, according to data out this week. Jean-ClaudeTrichet, the president of the European Central Bank, has been talking tough, recalling theECB s July 2008 rate rise when concern over inflation trumped a wobbling economy. InBritain inflation has been above its 2% target since December 2009 and stood at 3.7% inDecember. Mervyn King, the governor of the Bank of England, gave warning in January that itwill soon climb to 4-5%. Even in America, where inflation has been at historic lows, itjumped to 1.5% at the end of last year.
根據本周發布的數據，歐元區1月份的通脹率達2.4%。歐洲中央銀行行長讓-克羅德特里謝回憶起歐洲央行2008年7月上調利率，那時通脹的憂慮超過了了搖搖欲墜的經濟。在英國，通脹從2009年12月起通脹已超過其2%的目標，2010年12月保持在3.7%。英國央行行長默文金1月警告通脹率很快就會攀升至 4-5%。甚至在通脹率一直位于歷史最低點的美國去年年底也上漲到1.5%。
Much of the surge in inflation reflects dearer commodities. As well as oil and food, metalsprices have been soaring: the price of copper hit a series of record highs this week. Moreexpensive raw materials will work their way through the supply chain over the comingmonths, pushing up on inflation. Another part of the story in Europe is the effort to plugfiscal gaps by increasing VAT, a consumption tax. A hike in VAT at the start of the year willhave driven prices higher in Britain in January.
通脹的急劇上升反映出商品的日益昂貴。金屬、油和食品價格一直飛漲：本周銅價創一系列歷史最高。在未來幾月，更多的昂貴的原材料會通過供應鏈推高通脹率。歐洲正增加增值稅以填補財政赤字。倫敦新年伊始增值稅的增長將推動1月價格水平上漲。
A rise in commodity prices or taxes has only a temporary effect on inflation, however,with the price rise dropping out of annual comparisons after a year. The stuff of nightmaresfor central bankers is that this leads to a more pernicious type of inflation. Price riseschange expectations of inflation, leading workers to bid for wage increases that preservetheir buying power and firms to push through price increases, generating a vicious spiral.
然而，商品價格或稅收的增長只能暫時影響通脹，因為一年后價格上漲將不具可比性。讓央行行長們夜不能寐的是這將導致一種更惡性的通脹。價格上漲改變通脹預期，致使工人為維持購買力而要求漲工資，企業推動價格上漲，從而產生一個惡性工資價格螺旋。
These second-round effects are worth losing sleep over, but only when there is alreadyinflationary pressure in the wider economy, from a tight labour market and firms runningfactories at full pelt. Such overheating seems some way off for advanced economies. Theunemployment rate is in double digits in the euro area, above 9% in America and 7.9% inBritain. Wage growth has been weak, running below 1% in the euro zone and at around 2% inAmerica and Britain.
只有勞動力市場緊縮，企業利用全部產能，致使在更大范圍的經濟已經存在通脹壓力時，這些第二輪效應才值得人們為之輾轉反側。這種過熱似乎對發達國家來說遙不可及。歐元區失業率達兩位數，在美國超過 9%，在英國超過7.9%。工資漲幅不大，歐元區不到1%，而美國和英國在2%左右。
Inflation expectations have edged up a little in recent months. But even if workers expectedinflation to let rip, they would be in a bind. Karen Ward of HSBC reckons anxious employeeswon t ask for more pay for fear that they will end up getting the sack instead.
通脹預期在最近幾個月已經略微加強。但是即使工人預期通脹會失控，他們仍無能為力。匯豐銀行的KarenWard估計，焦急的員工因為害怕被解雇而不會要求加薪。
Rich-world economies are also running well below capacity. According to the OECD, in 2010the G7 economies were anywhere between 2.4% and 4.7% below potentialoutput. Such estimates are notoriously imprecise. But if the recovery had alreadyeliminated excess capacity they would be in the wrong city, not just the wrong ballpark.
發達國家經濟經濟資源遠未達到充分利用。根據經濟合作發展組織，2010年七國集團經濟實際產出低于潛在產出，差額為2.4%至4.7%之間。那類估計十分不準確。但是如果復蘇已經消除過剩產能，則錯誤之處就不僅是細枝末節而是大前提就錯了。
The story is very different in emerging economies. Many of these got back to their pre-crisislevels of output in 2009. With capacity constraints starting to bite, underlying inflation ison the up. Households inflation expectations are also rising. In China they are at theirhighest for over a decade and there are signs of growing wage pressure. Higher wages arenot, by themselves, a bad thing, especially in a country like China where pay has for yearsfailed to keep pace with rapid productivity growth. The danger comes when loosemonetary conditions and an overheating economy mean prices and wages chase each otherupward.
新興市場的情況大為不同。很多新型經濟體于2009年恢復到危機前的產出水平。產能水平開始起限制作用，通脹開始上升。居民的通脹預期也在增長。中國通脹已達十多年來最高水平出現工資上漲壓力的跡象。更高工資本身并不是件壞事，尤其是在中國這樣一個多年工資增長趕不上生產力增長的國家。但寬松的貨幣狀況和過熱的經濟意味著價格和工資彼此追趕螺旋上升時，危險就來了。
To prevent that, central bankers have been fighting back with higher interest rates andhigher reserve requirements. The Brazilian and Indian central banks raised rates last month;in total, they have now hiked their policy rates by 2.5 and 1.75 percentage pointsrespectively. China s central bank recently raised reserve requirements for the seventh timein a year.
為了控制工資價格螺旋上升，央行的銀行家們一直通過加息和上調準備金率予以回擊。上月巴西和印度央行上調利率;現在他們已經分別上調2.5個百分點和1.75個百分點。中國央行最近進行了年內第七次上調準備金率。
For all that, monetary conditions remain extraordinarily loose. According to JPMorgan Chase,real policy rates in emerging economiesthe official interest rate minus coreconsumer-price inflationare at their lowest level since 2000. Core consumer-priceinflation remains below its 2008 levels. Butvigilance is needed. A continuation of booming growth and cheap money will cause troublein the end.
盡管有上述一切措施，貨幣狀況依然十分寬松，摩根大通表示，新興市場的實際利率達到2000年以來的最低點。核心消費價格通脹率保持在2008年水平以下。但是警惕是需要的。最終，持續的經濟過熱和貨幣貶值將造成麻煩。
Inflation around theworld;Parsing prices
全球通脹;價格分析
Rising inflation is not as worrisome as it appears,at least for now.
通脹沒有看上去那么可怕，至少現在如此。
Inflation is back. Despite a weak recovery in muchof the world, the threat of rising prices preoccupiespolicymakers and the public. Concerns are greatestin emerging markets. Inflation stands at 4.6% inChina and 5.9% in Brazil; in India it is almost 10%,if below last year s high. But it is on the rich world s agenda, too .
通脹回來了。盡管世界上大部分地區有略微的恢復，但是價格上漲的威脅仍縈繞在政策制定者和公眾的心頭。這種焦慮在新興市場最為嚴重。中國通脹率維持在4.6%，巴西是5.9%,在印度，如果說通脹率比去年最高點低的話也達到了近10%。但是，通脹也提上了富國的議事日程。
Euro-area inflation hit 2.4% in January, according to data out this week. Jean-ClaudeTrichet, the president of the European Central Bank, has been talking tough, recalling theECB s July 2008 rate rise when concern over inflation trumped a wobbling economy. InBritain inflation has been above its 2% target since December 2009 and stood at 3.7% inDecember. Mervyn King, the governor of the Bank of England, gave warning in January that itwill soon climb to 4-5%. Even in America, where inflation has been at historic lows, itjumped to 1.5% at the end of last year.
根據本周發布的數據，歐元區1月份的通脹率達2.4%。歐洲中央銀行行長讓-克羅德特里謝回憶起歐洲央行2008年7月上調利率，那時通脹的憂慮超過了了搖搖欲墜的經濟。在英國，通脹從2009年12月起通脹已超過其2%的目標，2010年12月保持在3.7%。英國央行行長默文金1月警告通脹率很快就會攀升至 4-5%。甚至在通脹率一直位于歷史最低點的美國去年年底也上漲到1.5%。
Much of the surge in inflation reflects dearer commodities. As well as oil and food, metalsprices have been soaring: the price of copper hit a series of record highs this week. Moreexpensive raw materials will work their way through the supply chain over the comingmonths, pushing up on inflation. Another part of the story in Europe is the effort to plugfiscal gaps by increasing VAT, a consumption tax. A hike in VAT at the start of the year willhave driven prices higher in Britain in January.
通脹的急劇上升反映出商品的日益昂貴。金屬、油和食品價格一直飛漲：本周銅價創一系列歷史最高。在未來幾月，更多的昂貴的原材料會通過供應鏈推高通脹率。歐洲正增加增值稅以填補財政赤字。倫敦新年伊始增值稅的增長將推動1月價格水平上漲。
A rise in commodity prices or taxes has only a temporary effect on inflation, however,with the price rise dropping out of annual comparisons after a year. The stuff of nightmaresfor central bankers is that this leads to a more pernicious type of inflation. Price riseschange expectations of inflation, leading workers to bid for wage increases that preservetheir buying power and firms to push through price increases, generating a vicious spiral.
然而，商品價格或稅收的增長只能暫時影響通脹，因為一年后價格上漲將不具可比性。讓央行行長們夜不能寐的是這將導致一種更惡性的通脹。價格上漲改變通脹預期，致使工人為維持購買力而要求漲工資，企業推動價格上漲，從而產生一個惡性工資價格螺旋。
These second-round effects are worth losing sleep over, but only when there is alreadyinflationary pressure in the wider economy, from a tight labour market and firms runningfactories at full pelt. Such overheating seems some way off for advanced economies. Theunemployment rate is in double digits in the euro area, above 9% in America and 7.9% inBritain. Wage growth has been weak, running below 1% in the euro zone and at around 2% inAmerica and Britain.
只有勞動力市場緊縮，企業利用全部產能，致使在更大范圍的經濟已經存在通脹壓力時，這些第二輪效應才值得人們為之輾轉反側。這種過熱似乎對發達國家來說遙不可及。歐元區失業率達兩位數，在美國超過 9%，在英國超過7.9%。工資漲幅不大，歐元區不到1%，而美國和英國在2%左右。
Inflation expectations have edged up a little in recent months. But even if workers expectedinflation to let rip, they would be in a bind. Karen Ward of HSBC reckons anxious employeeswon t ask for more pay for fear that they will end up getting the sack instead.
通脹預期在最近幾個月已經略微加強。但是即使工人預期通脹會失控，他們仍無能為力。匯豐銀行的KarenWard估計，焦急的員工因為害怕被解雇而不會要求加薪。
Rich-world economies are also running well below capacity. According to the OECD, in 2010the G7 economies were anywhere between 2.4% and 4.7% below potentialoutput. Such estimates are notoriously imprecise. But if the recovery had alreadyeliminated excess capacity they would be in the wrong city, not just the wrong ballpark.
發達國家經濟經濟資源遠未達到充分利用。根據經濟合作發展組織，2010年七國集團經濟實際產出低于潛在產出，差額為2.4%至4.7%之間。那類估計十分不準確。但是如果復蘇已經消除過剩產能，則錯誤之處就不僅是細枝末節而是大前提就錯了。
The story is very different in emerging economies. Many of these got back to their pre-crisislevels of output in 2009. With capacity constraints starting to bite, underlying inflation ison the up. Households inflation expectations are also rising. In China they are at theirhighest for over a decade and there are signs of growing wage pressure. Higher wages arenot, by themselves, a bad thing, especially in a country like China where pay has for yearsfailed to keep pace with rapid productivity growth. The danger comes when loosemonetary conditions and an overheating economy mean prices and wages chase each otherupward.
新興市場的情況大為不同。很多新型經濟體于2009年恢復到危機前的產出水平。產能水平開始起限制作用，通脹開始上升。居民的通脹預期也在增長。中國通脹已達十多年來最高水平出現工資上漲壓力的跡象。更高工資本身并不是件壞事，尤其是在中國這樣一個多年工資增長趕不上生產力增長的國家。但寬松的貨幣狀況和過熱的經濟意味著價格和工資彼此追趕螺旋上升時，危險就來了。
To prevent that, central bankers have been fighting back with higher interest rates andhigher reserve requirements. The Brazilian and Indian central banks raised rates last month;in total, they have now hiked their policy rates by 2.5 and 1.75 percentage pointsrespectively. China s central bank recently raised reserve requirements for the seventh timein a year.
為了控制工資價格螺旋上升，央行的銀行家們一直通過加息和上調準備金率予以回擊。上月巴西和印度央行上調利率;現在他們已經分別上調2.5個百分點和1.75個百分點。中國央行最近進行了年內第七次上調準備金率。
For all that, monetary conditions remain extraordinarily loose. According to JPMorgan Chase,real policy rates in emerging economiesthe official interest rate minus coreconsumer-price inflationare at their lowest level since 2000. Core consumer-priceinflation remains below its 2008 levels. Butvigilance is needed. A continuation of booming growth and cheap money will cause troublein the end.
盡管有上述一切措施，貨幣狀況依然十分寬松，摩根大通表示，新興市場的實際利率達到2000年以來的最低點。核心消費價格通脹率保持在2008年水平以下。但是警惕是需要的。最終，持續的經濟過熱和貨幣貶值將造成麻煩。
