2023考研英語閱讀永恒的守護(hù)者

　　The constantgardener;The future of wilderness

　　永恒的守護(hù)者;荒野的未來

　　Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-WildWorld. By Emma Marris.

　　書名：《喧鬧的花園：在人類統(tǒng)領(lǐng)的世界里保護(hù)自然》 作者：艾瑪馬里斯。

　　When the Scottish-born American naturalist, JohnMuir, encountered a pristine wilderness wherethe soaring mountains touched the open sky, birdssang in the pine trees and fish spawned in the free-flowing rivers, he was determined to protect it from over-exploitation by the settlerswho succeeded the native American presence. Muir fought to ensure that the YosemiteValley in California became a national park, and he succeeded in 1890. The concept ofpreserving nature from man s interference proved both powerful and enduring: almost acentury later the Wilderness Act of 1964 empowered states to designate protected land. InRambunctious Garden Emma Marris outlines why the concept of wilderness is flawed.

　　當(dāng)年，蘇格蘭裔的美國自然主義者約翰繆爾邂逅了一片原生態(tài)荒原。那里的山峰高高聳立，直入云霄，松林間鳥兒淺唱低吟，溪流里魚兒繁衍生息，見此美好景象，他下定決心要保護(hù)那片土地，以免其遭到繼原住民之后占據(jù)此地的移民過度開發(fā)。為了讓它 加利福利亞優(yōu)勝美地山谷成為國家公園，他不懈努力，終于在1890年申請成功。保護(hù)自然免受人類行為干擾這一觀念影響深遠(yuǎn)：幾乎一個世紀(jì)以后的 1964年，荒野法案面世，授權(quán)美國各州指定土地加以保護(hù)。在《喧鬧的花園》一書中，艾瑪馬里斯卻闡述了為什么這個關(guān)于荒野的觀點是有缺陷的。

　　The journey begins in Hawaii, where biologists are toiling to remove species that have beenintroduced to the islands over the centuries since James Cook s party landed there in 1778.Invaders such as purple-flowered Asian melastome and strawberry guava threaten tooverrun delicate Hawaiian natives such as thornless roses and delicate tree ferns. Yet evenif all the invaders were removed, it would only return the islands to the state into which thePolynesians, who inhabited them for at least 1,000 years before Cook s arrival, had shapedthem.

　　作者從夏威夷下筆，1778年詹姆斯庫克帶領(lǐng)的探險隊登上夏威夷群島，此后數(shù)百年間外來物種被移植到了此島，生物學(xué)家們?yōu)橐瞥鼈冑M盡了心思。包括亞洲紫色野牡丹和草莓番石榴在內(nèi)的外來物種肆意繁殖，威脅了脆弱的本地物種，如無刺玫瑰和樹厥的生長。然而即使將這些外來物種清除殆盡，夏威夷群島也只能退回到波利維亞人定居時期，庫克船長到來之前，他們已在此地生存了上千年。

　　Even theoretically, returning Hawaii to a prehuman existence would be impossible.Ecosystems change over time, with or without the involvement of mankind, so no one cantell what Hawaii should look like. And mankind s influence on his environment is now suchthat he has changed the composition of the atmosphere over the past few centuries, so theeffects of humanity can never be completely removed.

　　即使是從理論上來說，將夏威夷島還原成有人類居住之前的狀態(tài)也是不可能的。不管有沒有人類的影響，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都會隨時間演變，因此沒有人可以說出夏威夷應(yīng)該是什么樣的。人類對其所處環(huán)境的影響是如此巨大，幾個世紀(jì)以來連大氣層的構(gòu)成都發(fā)生了改變，因此人類的影響永遠(yuǎn)也無法消除。

　　Ms Marris traces the emergence of a wilderness cult that she believes affects efforts torestore habitats to a previous form. She argues that early American environmentalists,such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, have been misread as itschampions. Although Emerson described essences unchanged by man; space, the air, theriver, the leaf, he also wrote of the perfect exhilaration of crossing a bare common, insnow puddles at twilight, under a clouded sky. And when Thoreau became determined toget away from it all in 1845, he retired to Walden Pond, a mere mile-and-a-half away fromthe nearest village. Preserving nature, Ms Marris writes, is a relatively recentpreoccupation.

　　馬里斯女士在書中追溯了 荒野崇拜的起源，并稱正是這種崇拜激發(fā)了復(fù)原居住地的行動。她認(rèn)為，拉爾夫瓦爾多愛默生和亨利大衛(wèi)梭羅等早期美國環(huán)境保護(hù)論者都被誤讀為了荒野崇拜的信奉者。雖然愛默生曾描繪過不受人類紛擾的自然精髓：空間、大氣、河流、樹葉，他也刻畫過黃昏時分，在綴滿云朵的天空下，行走于坑洼的雪地上，穿越一片荒原的無上欣喜。而當(dāng)1845年梭羅堅決要離世隱居時，他選擇了瓦爾登湖，一個離周邊最近的村落僅有一英里半的地方。馬里斯女士寫道，保護(hù)自然，相對而言是近代的緊急要務(wù)。

　　Perhaps, but it has a longer history than the author fully acknowledges. A struggle betweenthose who would remove man from a landscape and those who think we should activelymanage the environment has existed since at least the 1930s. When the first globalenvironmental organisation was established in 1948, it was called the International Unionfor the Protection of Nature: the organisation renamed itself in 1956, replacing protectionwith conservation in its title, because its members had grasped that people play animportant role in shaping the natural world.

　　也許保護(hù)自然這一觀念的產(chǎn)生比作者所認(rèn)識到的還要早。早在上世紀(jì)三十年代或者更早時，就有人爭辯應(yīng)該對風(fēng)景區(qū)進(jìn)行隔離保護(hù)還是采取積極措施規(guī)劃保護(hù)這個問題。1948年全球第一個環(huán)境組織成立了，當(dāng)時名為國際自然保衛(wèi)聯(lián)盟，1956年該組織更名，將名字中的保衛(wèi)替換成了保護(hù)，因為聯(lián)盟成員領(lǐng)會到了人類在自然世界的發(fā)展中所扮演角色的重要性。

　　Ms Marris s book is an insightful analysis of the thinking that informs nature conservation.The author outlines the concepts of re-wilding habitats by introducing species that havebeen lost, of the assisted migration carried out by foresters who prepare for climatechange by planting trees at the current limits of their ranges . She describeshow ecosystems can be designed: nesting birds can be encouraged to breed on a site bymanipulating it to suit them, for example. And nature can flourish in areas that are not wild,such as city roof-gardens.

　　馬里斯這本著作為保護(hù)自然背后的思考提供了一份卓有見地的分析。作者通過介紹那些已經(jīng)滅絕的物種引出了原始化棲息地的觀念，還提到了輔助性遷移的觀念，比如林務(wù)員為應(yīng)對氣候變化栽種樹木以促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)亓帜径鄻有浴Ｋ€描述了設(shè)計生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方法：比如改造一塊地方的環(huán)境，使之能吸引筑巢的鳥兒在那里孵化幼鳥。還有，非原生態(tài)的環(huán)境中也可以充滿勃勃生機(jī)，比如城市里的屋頂花園。

　　There are many reasons to value the natural world. Some people want to prevent certainspecies from becoming extinct, others to ensure the diversity of an ecosystem, to makeuse of clean air and water or to revel in the beauty of a landscape. Happily for bothmankind and the natural world, Ms Marris concludes, many such causes can be aligned.

　　珍惜自然環(huán)境的動因有很多。有些人是為了防止某個物種滅亡，還有些人是為了確保生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多樣性，或者為了能呼吸到清潔空氣，喝到清潔水，抑或是為了充分享受自然美景。馬里斯女士總結(jié)道，令人高興的是，不管是對人類還是對自然環(huán)境，許多此類的動因是殊途同歸的。

　　The constantgardener;The future of wilderness

　　永恒的守護(hù)者;荒野的未來

　　Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-WildWorld. By Emma Marris.

　　書名：《喧鬧的花園：在人類統(tǒng)領(lǐng)的世界里保護(hù)自然》 作者：艾瑪馬里斯。

　　When the Scottish-born American naturalist, JohnMuir, encountered a pristine wilderness wherethe soaring mountains touched the open sky, birdssang in the pine trees and fish spawned in the free-flowing rivers, he was determined to protect it from over-exploitation by the settlerswho succeeded the native American presence. Muir fought to ensure that the YosemiteValley in California became a national park, and he succeeded in 1890. The concept ofpreserving nature from man s interference proved both powerful and enduring: almost acentury later the Wilderness Act of 1964 empowered states to designate protected land. InRambunctious Garden Emma Marris outlines why the concept of wilderness is flawed.

　　當(dāng)年，蘇格蘭裔的美國自然主義者約翰繆爾邂逅了一片原生態(tài)荒原。那里的山峰高高聳立，直入云霄，松林間鳥兒淺唱低吟，溪流里魚兒繁衍生息，見此美好景象，他下定決心要保護(hù)那片土地，以免其遭到繼原住民之后占據(jù)此地的移民過度開發(fā)。為了讓它 加利福利亞優(yōu)勝美地山谷成為國家公園，他不懈努力，終于在1890年申請成功。保護(hù)自然免受人類行為干擾這一觀念影響深遠(yuǎn)：幾乎一個世紀(jì)以后的 1964年，荒野法案面世，授權(quán)美國各州指定土地加以保護(hù)。在《喧鬧的花園》一書中，艾瑪馬里斯卻闡述了為什么這個關(guān)于荒野的觀點是有缺陷的。

　　The journey begins in Hawaii, where biologists are toiling to remove species that have beenintroduced to the islands over the centuries since James Cook s party landed there in 1778.Invaders such as purple-flowered Asian melastome and strawberry guava threaten tooverrun delicate Hawaiian natives such as thornless roses and delicate tree ferns. Yet evenif all the invaders were removed, it would only return the islands to the state into which thePolynesians, who inhabited them for at least 1,000 years before Cook s arrival, had shapedthem.

　　作者從夏威夷下筆，1778年詹姆斯庫克帶領(lǐng)的探險隊登上夏威夷群島，此后數(shù)百年間外來物種被移植到了此島，生物學(xué)家們?yōu)橐瞥鼈冑M盡了心思。包括亞洲紫色野牡丹和草莓番石榴在內(nèi)的外來物種肆意繁殖，威脅了脆弱的本地物種，如無刺玫瑰和樹厥的生長。然而即使將這些外來物種清除殆盡，夏威夷群島也只能退回到波利維亞人定居時期，庫克船長到來之前，他們已在此地生存了上千年。

　　Even theoretically, returning Hawaii to a prehuman existence would be impossible.Ecosystems change over time, with or without the involvement of mankind, so no one cantell what Hawaii should look like. And mankind s influence on his environment is now suchthat he has changed the composition of the atmosphere over the past few centuries, so theeffects of humanity can never be completely removed.

　　即使是從理論上來說，將夏威夷島還原成有人類居住之前的狀態(tài)也是不可能的。不管有沒有人類的影響，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都會隨時間演變，因此沒有人可以說出夏威夷應(yīng)該是什么樣的。人類對其所處環(huán)境的影響是如此巨大，幾個世紀(jì)以來連大氣層的構(gòu)成都發(fā)生了改變，因此人類的影響永遠(yuǎn)也無法消除。

　　Ms Marris traces the emergence of a wilderness cult that she believes affects efforts torestore habitats to a previous form. She argues that early American environmentalists,such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, have been misread as itschampions. Although Emerson described essences unchanged by man; space, the air, theriver, the leaf, he also wrote of the perfect exhilaration of crossing a bare common, insnow puddles at twilight, under a clouded sky. And when Thoreau became determined toget away from it all in 1845, he retired to Walden Pond, a mere mile-and-a-half away fromthe nearest village. Preserving nature, Ms Marris writes, is a relatively recentpreoccupation.

　　馬里斯女士在書中追溯了 荒野崇拜的起源，并稱正是這種崇拜激發(fā)了復(fù)原居住地的行動。她認(rèn)為，拉爾夫瓦爾多愛默生和亨利大衛(wèi)梭羅等早期美國環(huán)境保護(hù)論者都被誤讀為了荒野崇拜的信奉者。雖然愛默生曾描繪過不受人類紛擾的自然精髓：空間、大氣、河流、樹葉，他也刻畫過黃昏時分，在綴滿云朵的天空下，行走于坑洼的雪地上，穿越一片荒原的無上欣喜。而當(dāng)1845年梭羅堅決要離世隱居時，他選擇了瓦爾登湖，一個離周邊最近的村落僅有一英里半的地方。馬里斯女士寫道，保護(hù)自然，相對而言是近代的緊急要務(wù)。

　　Perhaps, but it has a longer history than the author fully acknowledges. A struggle betweenthose who would remove man from a landscape and those who think we should activelymanage the environment has existed since at least the 1930s. When the first globalenvironmental organisation was established in 1948, it was called the International Unionfor the Protection of Nature: the organisation renamed itself in 1956, replacing protectionwith conservation in its title, because its members had grasped that people play animportant role in shaping the natural world.

　　也許保護(hù)自然這一觀念的產(chǎn)生比作者所認(rèn)識到的還要早。早在上世紀(jì)三十年代或者更早時，就有人爭辯應(yīng)該對風(fēng)景區(qū)進(jìn)行隔離保護(hù)還是采取積極措施規(guī)劃保護(hù)這個問題。1948年全球第一個環(huán)境組織成立了，當(dāng)時名為國際自然保衛(wèi)聯(lián)盟，1956年該組織更名，將名字中的保衛(wèi)替換成了保護(hù)，因為聯(lián)盟成員領(lǐng)會到了人類在自然世界的發(fā)展中所扮演角色的重要性。

　　Ms Marris s book is an insightful analysis of the thinking that informs nature conservation.The author outlines the concepts of re-wilding habitats by introducing species that havebeen lost, of the assisted migration carried out by foresters who prepare for climatechange by planting trees at the current limits of their ranges . She describeshow ecosystems can be designed: nesting birds can be encouraged to breed on a site bymanipulating it to suit them, for example. And nature can flourish in areas that are not wild,such as city roof-gardens.

　　馬里斯這本著作為保護(hù)自然背后的思考提供了一份卓有見地的分析。作者通過介紹那些已經(jīng)滅絕的物種引出了原始化棲息地的觀念，還提到了輔助性遷移的觀念，比如林務(wù)員為應(yīng)對氣候變化栽種樹木以促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)亓帜径鄻有浴Ｋ€描述了設(shè)計生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方法：比如改造一塊地方的環(huán)境，使之能吸引筑巢的鳥兒在那里孵化幼鳥。還有，非原生態(tài)的環(huán)境中也可以充滿勃勃生機(jī)，比如城市里的屋頂花園。

　　There are many reasons to value the natural world. Some people want to prevent certainspecies from becoming extinct, others to ensure the diversity of an ecosystem, to makeuse of clean air and water or to revel in the beauty of a landscape. Happily for bothmankind and the natural world, Ms Marris concludes, many such causes can be aligned.

　　珍惜自然環(huán)境的動因有很多。有些人是為了防止某個物種滅亡，還有些人是為了確保生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多樣性，或者為了能呼吸到清潔空氣，喝到清潔水，抑或是為了充分享受自然美景。馬里斯女士總結(jié)道，令人高興的是，不管是對人類還是對自然環(huán)境，許多此類的動因是殊途同歸的。