2023考研英語閱讀畢業生的煩惱
Schumpeter Angst for the educated
畢業生的煩惱
A university degree no longer confers financialsecurity
大學學位不再提供經濟擔保
MILLIONS of school-leavers in the rich world areabout to bid a tearful goodbye to their parents and start a new life at university.
成千上萬的畢業生著即將淚別父母開始大學生活。
Some are inspired by a pure love of learning.
他們中的有些是被純粹的求知欲驅使。
But most also believe that spending three or four years at universityand accumulating hugedebts in the processwill boost their chances of landing a well-paid and secure job.
但是更多人相信讀三四年大學將會有助于他們覓得高收入、穩定的工作。與此同時，求學期間會大量負債。
Their elders have always told them that education is the best way to equip themselves tothrive in a globalised world.
他們的學長總是告訴他們：接受教育是使自己在全球化的世界里立于不敗之地的最好辦法。
Blue-collar workers will see their jobs offshored and automated, the familiar argumentgoes.
藍領工人將會看到他們的崗位被遷移海外以及被自動化代替，類似的論點層出不窮。
School dropouts will have to cope with a life of cash-strapped insecurity.
輟學者將要過著經濟困難的不安定生活。
But the graduate elite will have theworld at its feet.
但是畢業生中的佼佼者掌握著主動。
There is some evidence to support this view.
一些證據支持著這種看法。
A recent study from Georgetown University s Centre on Education and the Workforce arguesthat obtaining a post-secondary credential is almost always worth it.
喬治敦大學教育和勞動力中心最近的一項研究表明獲得高等教育證明總是物有所值。
Educational qualifications are tightly correlated with earnings:
學歷與薪酬緊密的聯系在一起：
an American with a professional degree can expect to pocket $3.6m over a lifetime;
在美國，獲得專業學位的勞工職業生涯總預期薪酬為360萬;
one with merely a high-school diploma can expect only $1.3m.
僅獲得高中文憑的勞工職業生涯的總預期薪酬為130萬。
The gap between more- and less-educated earners may be widening.
這種收入差距還在加大。
A study in 2002 found that someone with a bachelor s degree could expect to earn 75% moreover a lifetime than someone with only a high-school diploma. Today the premium is evenhigher.
2002年的一項關于勞工職業生涯中獲得的總薪酬研究表明：獲得學士學位的將比獲得高中學歷高出75%。如今，獎金甚至更高。
But is the past a reliable guide to the future?
但是能照搬經驗嗎?
Or are we at the beginning of a new phase in the relationship between jobs and education?
亦或說我們處于職業與學歷關系的新階段嗎?
There are good reasons for thinking that old patterns are about to changeand that thecurrent recession-driven downturn in the demand for Western graduates will morph intosomething structural.
有充足的理由讓人們相信舊模式即將改變：現今經濟不景氣導致的對西方畢業生需求的減少將會演變為結構之變。
The gale of creative destruction that has shaken so many blue-collar workers over thepast few decades is beginning to shake the cognitive elite as well.
過去數十年來，創造性毀滅之潮使得眾多藍領為之煩惱，如今，它開始開始席卷認知精英界。
The supply of university graduates is increasing rapidly.
畢業生數量逐年遞增。
The Chronicle of Higher Education calculates that between 1990 and 2007 the number ofstudents going to university increased by 22% in North America, 74% in Europe, 144% inLatin America and 203% in Asia.
高等教育年鑒估計1990至2007的接受大學教育的人數中：北美增加了22%，歐洲增加了74%，拉丁美洲增加了144%，亞洲增加了203%。
In 2007 150m people attended university around the world, including 70m in Asia.
2007年世界范圍內1.5億人接受大學教育，其中亞洲有7000萬。
Emerging economiesespecially Chinaare pouring resources into building universities thatcan compete with the elite of America and Europe.
新興經濟體正的塔形土木建設與歐美高等學府想抗衡的高校的熱潮正方興未艾，中國尤甚。
They are also producing professional-services firms such as Tata Consulting Services andInfosys that take fresh graduates and turn them into world-class computer programmers andconsultants.
他們同時也是諸如塔塔咨詢、infosys等專業服務公司的締造者。大學畢業生在此類公司里完成了化蝶蛻變。
The best and the brightest of the rich world must increasingly compete with the best and thebrightest from poorer countries who are willing to work harder for less money.
發達國家最優秀最聰明的畢業生必須逐漸與不發達國家的賣力工作、薪酬低廉的畢業生競爭。
At the same time, the demand for educated labour is being reconfigured by technology, inmuch the same way that the demand for agricultural labour was reconfigured in the 19thcentury and that for factory labour in the 20th.
同時，對于受教育勞工的需求正在被重新分配，正如19世紀農業勞動力和20世紀工業勞動力的重新分配一樣。
Computers can not only perform repetitive mental tasks much faster than human beings.
電腦不僅執行重復性工作上比人類更加快，而且電使業余者從事原本只有專家才能做的事情：
They can also empower amateurs to do what professionals once did: why hire aflesh-and-blood accountant to complete your tax return when Turbotax will do the job at afraction of the cost?
當Turbotax能夠花費很低做同樣的工作為什么要去雇傭會計去處理稅務事宜?
And the variety of jobs that computers can do is multiplying as programmers teach them todeal with tone and linguistic ambiguity.
通過程序員的努力，電腦能做的工作越來越多，因為他們能夠處理言語歧義。
Several economists, including Paul Krugman, have begun to argue that post-industrialsocieties will be characterised not by a relentless rise in demand for the educated but by agreat hollowing out,
包括Paul Krugman在內的一些經濟學家開始主張后工業時代社會以對持續上升對受教育勞工的需求以及產業空洞化為特征，
as mid-level jobs are destroyed by smart machines and high-level job growth slows.
因為中端職位被智能機器扼殺，高端職位需求增長緩慢。
David Autor, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out that the main effect ofautomation in the computer era is not that it destroys blue-collar jobs but that it destroysany job that can be reduced to a routine.
麻省理工學院的David Autor指出：電腦自動化的主要影響不僅在于他們摧毀了藍領的崗位，還在于摧毀了能夠被分解成例程的崗位。
Alan Blinder, of Princeton University, argues that the jobs graduates have traditionallyperformed are if anything more offshorable than low-wage ones.
普林斯頓大學的Alan Blinder指出：傳統上畢業生所做的工作更可能與低薪酬工作相形漸遠。
A plumber or lorry-driver s job cannot be outsourced to India. A computer programmer scan.
水暖工、大車司機的崗位不能外包給印度，電腦程序的崗位可以。
A university education is still a prerequisite for entering some of the great guilds,
大學教育仍是進入諸如制藥、法律以及學術界的先決條件，
such as medicine, law and academia, that provide secure and well-paying jobs.
他們提供了高收入、穩定的工作。
Over the 20th century these guilds did a wonderful job of raising barriers toentrysometimes for good reasons and sometimes for self-interested ones.
20世紀這些行業使得入門門檻大為提高。有些出于好意，有些出于自身利益。
But these guilds are beginning to buckle.
這些行業開始聯合。
Newspapers are fighting a losing battle with the blogosphere.
報業正在與博客界的斗爭中負隅頑抗。
Universities are replacing tenure-track professors with non-tenured staff.
大學用非終身制職員替代終身制職員。
Law firms are contracting out routine work such as discovery to computerised-searchspecialists such as Blackstone Discovery. Even doctors are threatened,
法律公司把諸如顯示證據的工作外包給電腦化的搜索專家，比如說Blackstone Discovery。
as patients find advice online and treatment in Walmart s new health centres.
醫生也受到了威脅，以為病人可以上沃爾瑪的新健康中心尋找意見以及治療方案。
Dreaming spires, meet pin factory Thomas Malone of MIT argues that thesechangesautomation, globalisation and deregulationmay be part of a bigger change:
麻省理工學院的Thomas Malone主張這些變革自動化、全球化可能是更大變革的一部分：
the application of the division of labour to brain-work.
勞動力分配到腦力勞動的應用。
Just as Adam Smith s factory managers broke the production of pins into 18 components, socompanies are increasingly breaking the production of brain-work into ever tinier slices.
正如Adam Smith s的經理把生產比別針分解成了18個步驟。因此公司逐漸地將腦力勞動工作內容分解的更為更細。
TopCoder chops up IT projects into bite-sized chunks and then serves them up to a worldwideworkforce of freelance coders.
TopCoder公司將IT項目切割成一個個細小的模塊，交由世界范圍內的程序員去完成。
These changes will undoubtedly improve the productivity of brain-workers.
這些變化將毫無疑問地改善腦力勞動者的效率，避免了專業公司收取的高昂服務費。
They will allow consumers to sidestep the professional guilds that have extracted highrents for their services.
而且這將使得更多的腦力工作中集中精力在他們最擅長的領域，
And they will empower many brain-workers to focus on what they are best at and contractout more tedious tasks to others.
而將更加低附加值的工作外包給他人。
But the reconfiguration of brain-work will also make life far less cosy and predictable for thenext generation of graduates.
但是腦力工作的重新分配同樣也使生活遠不及到達舒服程度， 對于下一代畢業生來說是可以預見的。
詞語解釋
1.university n.大學
John is one of his alumni in the university.
約翰是他大學時的校友之一。
2.security n.安全;保證;證券
I ll undertake for your security.
我將保證你的安全。
3.boost v.提高;增加
This new technique will boost food production.
這種新工藝將會提高食品產量。
4.education n.教育;修養
Education develops potential abilities.
教育能開發人的潛能。
5.automate v.使自動化
This part of the assembly process is now fully automated.
裝配過程的這一部分現在是全自動的。
Schumpeter Angst for the educated
畢業生的煩惱
A university degree no longer confers financialsecurity
大學學位不再提供經濟擔保
MILLIONS of school-leavers in the rich world areabout to bid a tearful goodbye to their parents and start a new life at university.
成千上萬的畢業生著即將淚別父母開始大學生活。
Some are inspired by a pure love of learning.
他們中的有些是被純粹的求知欲驅使。
But most also believe that spending three or four years at universityand accumulating hugedebts in the processwill boost their chances of landing a well-paid and secure job.
但是更多人相信讀三四年大學將會有助于他們覓得高收入、穩定的工作。與此同時，求學期間會大量負債。
Their elders have always told them that education is the best way to equip themselves tothrive in a globalised world.
他們的學長總是告訴他們：接受教育是使自己在全球化的世界里立于不敗之地的最好辦法。
Blue-collar workers will see their jobs offshored and automated, the familiar argumentgoes.
藍領工人將會看到他們的崗位被遷移海外以及被自動化代替，類似的論點層出不窮。
School dropouts will have to cope with a life of cash-strapped insecurity.
輟學者將要過著經濟困難的不安定生活。
But the graduate elite will have theworld at its feet.
但是畢業生中的佼佼者掌握著主動。
There is some evidence to support this view.
一些證據支持著這種看法。
A recent study from Georgetown University s Centre on Education and the Workforce arguesthat obtaining a post-secondary credential is almost always worth it.
喬治敦大學教育和勞動力中心最近的一項研究表明獲得高等教育證明總是物有所值。
Educational qualifications are tightly correlated with earnings:
學歷與薪酬緊密的聯系在一起：
an American with a professional degree can expect to pocket $3.6m over a lifetime;
在美國，獲得專業學位的勞工職業生涯總預期薪酬為360萬;
one with merely a high-school diploma can expect only $1.3m.
僅獲得高中文憑的勞工職業生涯的總預期薪酬為130萬。
The gap between more- and less-educated earners may be widening.
這種收入差距還在加大。
A study in 2002 found that someone with a bachelor s degree could expect to earn 75% moreover a lifetime than someone with only a high-school diploma. Today the premium is evenhigher.
2002年的一項關于勞工職業生涯中獲得的總薪酬研究表明：獲得學士學位的將比獲得高中學歷高出75%。如今，獎金甚至更高。
But is the past a reliable guide to the future?
但是能照搬經驗嗎?
Or are we at the beginning of a new phase in the relationship between jobs and education?
亦或說我們處于職業與學歷關系的新階段嗎?
There are good reasons for thinking that old patterns are about to changeand that thecurrent recession-driven downturn in the demand for Western graduates will morph intosomething structural.
有充足的理由讓人們相信舊模式即將改變：現今經濟不景氣導致的對西方畢業生需求的減少將會演變為結構之變。
The gale of creative destruction that has shaken so many blue-collar workers over thepast few decades is beginning to shake the cognitive elite as well.
過去數十年來，創造性毀滅之潮使得眾多藍領為之煩惱，如今，它開始開始席卷認知精英界。
The supply of university graduates is increasing rapidly.
畢業生數量逐年遞增。
The Chronicle of Higher Education calculates that between 1990 and 2007 the number ofstudents going to university increased by 22% in North America, 74% in Europe, 144% inLatin America and 203% in Asia.
高等教育年鑒估計1990至2007的接受大學教育的人數中：北美增加了22%，歐洲增加了74%，拉丁美洲增加了144%，亞洲增加了203%。
In 2007 150m people attended university around the world, including 70m in Asia.
2007年世界范圍內1.5億人接受大學教育，其中亞洲有7000萬。
Emerging economiesespecially Chinaare pouring resources into building universities thatcan compete with the elite of America and Europe.
新興經濟體正的塔形土木建設與歐美高等學府想抗衡的高校的熱潮正方興未艾，中國尤甚。
They are also producing professional-services firms such as Tata Consulting Services andInfosys that take fresh graduates and turn them into world-class computer programmers andconsultants.
他們同時也是諸如塔塔咨詢、infosys等專業服務公司的締造者。大學畢業生在此類公司里完成了化蝶蛻變。
The best and the brightest of the rich world must increasingly compete with the best and thebrightest from poorer countries who are willing to work harder for less money.
發達國家最優秀最聰明的畢業生必須逐漸與不發達國家的賣力工作、薪酬低廉的畢業生競爭。
At the same time, the demand for educated labour is being reconfigured by technology, inmuch the same way that the demand for agricultural labour was reconfigured in the 19thcentury and that for factory labour in the 20th.
同時，對于受教育勞工的需求正在被重新分配，正如19世紀農業勞動力和20世紀工業勞動力的重新分配一樣。
Computers can not only perform repetitive mental tasks much faster than human beings.
電腦不僅執行重復性工作上比人類更加快，而且電使業余者從事原本只有專家才能做的事情：
They can also empower amateurs to do what professionals once did: why hire aflesh-and-blood accountant to complete your tax return when Turbotax will do the job at afraction of the cost?
當Turbotax能夠花費很低做同樣的工作為什么要去雇傭會計去處理稅務事宜?
And the variety of jobs that computers can do is multiplying as programmers teach them todeal with tone and linguistic ambiguity.
通過程序員的努力，電腦能做的工作越來越多，因為他們能夠處理言語歧義。
Several economists, including Paul Krugman, have begun to argue that post-industrialsocieties will be characterised not by a relentless rise in demand for the educated but by agreat hollowing out,
包括Paul Krugman在內的一些經濟學家開始主張后工業時代社會以對持續上升對受教育勞工的需求以及產業空洞化為特征，
as mid-level jobs are destroyed by smart machines and high-level job growth slows.
因為中端職位被智能機器扼殺，高端職位需求增長緩慢。
David Autor, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out that the main effect ofautomation in the computer era is not that it destroys blue-collar jobs but that it destroysany job that can be reduced to a routine.
麻省理工學院的David Autor指出：電腦自動化的主要影響不僅在于他們摧毀了藍領的崗位，還在于摧毀了能夠被分解成例程的崗位。
Alan Blinder, of Princeton University, argues that the jobs graduates have traditionallyperformed are if anything more offshorable than low-wage ones.
普林斯頓大學的Alan Blinder指出：傳統上畢業生所做的工作更可能與低薪酬工作相形漸遠。
A plumber or lorry-driver s job cannot be outsourced to India. A computer programmer scan.
水暖工、大車司機的崗位不能外包給印度，電腦程序的崗位可以。
A university education is still a prerequisite for entering some of the great guilds,
大學教育仍是進入諸如制藥、法律以及學術界的先決條件，
such as medicine, law and academia, that provide secure and well-paying jobs.
他們提供了高收入、穩定的工作。
Over the 20th century these guilds did a wonderful job of raising barriers toentrysometimes for good reasons and sometimes for self-interested ones.
20世紀這些行業使得入門門檻大為提高。有些出于好意，有些出于自身利益。
But these guilds are beginning to buckle.
這些行業開始聯合。
Newspapers are fighting a losing battle with the blogosphere.
報業正在與博客界的斗爭中負隅頑抗。
Universities are replacing tenure-track professors with non-tenured staff.
大學用非終身制職員替代終身制職員。
Law firms are contracting out routine work such as discovery to computerised-searchspecialists such as Blackstone Discovery. Even doctors are threatened,
法律公司把諸如顯示證據的工作外包給電腦化的搜索專家，比如說Blackstone Discovery。
as patients find advice online and treatment in Walmart s new health centres.
醫生也受到了威脅，以為病人可以上沃爾瑪的新健康中心尋找意見以及治療方案。
Dreaming spires, meet pin factory Thomas Malone of MIT argues that thesechangesautomation, globalisation and deregulationmay be part of a bigger change:
麻省理工學院的Thomas Malone主張這些變革自動化、全球化可能是更大變革的一部分：
the application of the division of labour to brain-work.
勞動力分配到腦力勞動的應用。
Just as Adam Smith s factory managers broke the production of pins into 18 components, socompanies are increasingly breaking the production of brain-work into ever tinier slices.
正如Adam Smith s的經理把生產比別針分解成了18個步驟。因此公司逐漸地將腦力勞動工作內容分解的更為更細。
TopCoder chops up IT projects into bite-sized chunks and then serves them up to a worldwideworkforce of freelance coders.
TopCoder公司將IT項目切割成一個個細小的模塊，交由世界范圍內的程序員去完成。
These changes will undoubtedly improve the productivity of brain-workers.
這些變化將毫無疑問地改善腦力勞動者的效率，避免了專業公司收取的高昂服務費。
They will allow consumers to sidestep the professional guilds that have extracted highrents for their services.
而且這將使得更多的腦力工作中集中精力在他們最擅長的領域，
And they will empower many brain-workers to focus on what they are best at and contractout more tedious tasks to others.
而將更加低附加值的工作外包給他人。
But the reconfiguration of brain-work will also make life far less cosy and predictable for thenext generation of graduates.
但是腦力工作的重新分配同樣也使生活遠不及到達舒服程度， 對于下一代畢業生來說是可以預見的。
詞語解釋
1.university n.大學
John is one of his alumni in the university.
約翰是他大學時的校友之一。
2.security n.安全;保證;證券
I ll undertake for your security.
我將保證你的安全。
3.boost v.提高;增加
This new technique will boost food production.
這種新工藝將會提高食品產量。
4.education n.教育;修養
Education develops potential abilities.
教育能開發人的潛能。
5.automate v.使自動化
This part of the assembly process is now fully automated.
裝配過程的這一部分現在是全自動的。
