SAT必看范文 忠誠是有害還是有利？
GRE Is loyalty always a positive force?
SAT Should people always be loyal?
各位同學，SAT和GRE的部分文章題目特別吻合。眾所周知，GRE的范文多展現出極強的critical thinking ability因此，為了增強SAT考生的分析問題的能力，筆者對一些重點GRE范文進行分析
Is loyalty all too often a destructive force, rather than a virtue, as the speaker contends? To answer this question it is crucial to draw a distinction between loyalty as an abstract concept and its application. Apart from its consequences, loyalty is clearly a virtue that all humans should strive to develop. Loyalty is part of a universal ethos that we commonly refer to as the golden rule: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. However, whether loyalty in its application amounts to virtue depends on its extent and its object.
本段譯文：是否像題中人說的那樣，通常情況下，忠誠是破壞性的力量而非美德?要回答這個問題，我們需要區分忠誠這個抽象概念與其具體應用。撇開忠誠帶來的后果不談，顯然它本身是一種美德。所有人都應該努力去做到忠誠。忠誠是社會意識的一部分。通常，我們說忠誠是金科玉律：己所不欲勿施于人。但是，在實際情況下，忠誠是否能和美德劃等號還取決于人們多大程度上去保持忠誠，以及對誰忠誠。
本段必背單詞：all too often常常;destructive破壞性的;virtue美德;crucial必要的;draw a distinction between A and B區分A和B;strive to努力;develop培養;universal廣泛的;ethos社會思潮;refer to as稱為;golden rule重要原則;amount to意味著;object對象
First consider the ways in which loyalty, if exercised in proper measure and direction, can be a positive force. Relationships between spouses and other exclusive pairs require some degree of trust in order to endure; and loyalty is part-and-parcel of that trust. Similarly, employment relationships depend on some measure of mutual loyalty, without which job attrition would run so rampant that societys economic productivity would virtually come to a halt. And, without some mutual loyalty between a sovereign state and its citizenry there can be no security or safety from either revolt or invasion. The world would quickly devolve into anarchy or into a despotic state ordered by brute force.
本段譯文：首先我們要考慮忠誠的方式。如果尺度和方向正確，那么忠誠就是積極力量。配偶以及其他排外性關系需要一定程度的信任才能持久。忠誠是信任的重要組成部分。同樣，雇傭關系也需要一定程度的相互忠誠，否則會摩擦不斷，以至經濟停滯。并且，如果主權國家和人民之間沒有相互忠誠那么就會有叛亂或入侵。那時安定將不復存在。世界也會迅速淪為殘暴勢力下的無政府或專制狀態。
本段必背單詞：exercise實行;proper measure合適的尺度;spouse配偶;exclusive排他的;part-and-parcel重要的組成部分;attrition摩擦;rampant蔓延的;come to a halt停步不前;sovereign有主權的;revolt反叛;invasion入侵;devolve衰落;anarchy無政府主義;despotic暴君的;brute殘暴的
On the other hand, misguided or overextended loyalty can amount to a divisive and even destructive force. In school, undue loyalty to popular social cliques often leads to insulting and abusive language or behavior toward students outside these cliques. Undue loyalty to a spouse or other partner can lead to acquiescence in abusive treatment by that partner and abuse of oneself by continuing to be loyal despite the abuse.
本段譯文：另一方面，錯誤的或者過分的忠誠是有破壞性的。在學校，對于學校小團體的過分忠誠會引起對于非此類圈子同學的侮辱和謾罵。對于配偶的過度忠誠則會使人在受虐待后仍保持沉默。繼續忠誠只會讓自己受虐待。
本段必背單詞：misguided錯誤的;overextended過分的;divisive造成不和的;undue過度飛;clique小團體;insulting侮辱的;acquiescence默許;despite盡管
Misguided loyalty can also occur between people and their institutions. Undue loyalty to college alma maters often leads to job discrimination---for example, when a job candidate with the same alma mater as that of the person making the hiring decision is chosen over a more qualified candidate from a different school. Loyalty to ones employer can also become a destructive force, if it leads to deceptive business practices and disregard for regulations designed to protect public health and safety. By way of undue loyalty to their employers, employees sometimes harm themselves as well. Specifically, many employees fail to advance their own careers by moving on to another place of work, or type of work altogether, because of a misplaced sense of loyalty to one company. Finally, and perhaps foremost in terms of destructive potential, is misguided loyalty to ones country or political leaders. History shows all too well that fine line between patriotism and irrational jingoism can lead to such atrocities as persecution, genocide, and war.
本段譯文：錯誤的忠誠也表現在人與機構的關系上。對母校的過度忠誠常常會導致工作歧視---比如，一位能力沒有別人強的求職者被錄用，而原因就是因為他和面試官來自同一大學。如果對雇主的過度忠誠使人做出欺詐性的商業行為或者忽視保護公共安全和健康的規則，那么這種忠誠也可能是極具破壞性的。對雇主的過度忠誠也會傷害雇員自己。具體來說，很多雇員不會換工作來推進自己的職業生涯就是因為對某個公司過于忠誠。最后，也可能是最具有破壞性的是對國家或政治領袖的忠誠。歷史上太多事例表明愛國主義與侵略主義之間如果分不清楚，就會導致諸如迫害，種族滅絕和戰爭這類暴行。
本段必背單詞：institution機構;alma maters母校;candidate求職者;qualified合格的;deceptive business practice欺詐性的商業行為;regulation：規則;all too well：太;fine line細微差別
Patriotism愛國主義;jingoism軍國主義;atrocity暴行;persecution迫害;genocide種族滅絕
To sum up, without loyalty there can be no basis for trust between two people, or between people and their institutions. A world devoid of loyalty would be a paranoid, if not anarchical, one. Nevertheless, loyalty must be tempered by other virtues, such as fairness, tolerance, and respect for other people and for oneself. Otherwise, I agree that it can serve to divide, damage, and even destroy.
本段譯文：總的來說，沒有忠誠就沒有人與人之間，人與組織之間信任的基礎。一個沒有忠誠的世界如果不是混亂的，那也是多疑的世界。然而正必須由公正、容忍以及對他人的尊重這樣的美德來調和。否則，我同意忠誠會導致不和、破壞甚至毀滅。
GRE Is loyalty always a positive force?
SAT Should people always be loyal?
各位同學，SAT和GRE的部分文章題目特別吻合。眾所周知，GRE的范文多展現出極強的critical thinking ability因此，為了增強SAT考生的分析問題的能力，筆者對一些重點GRE范文進行分析
Is loyalty all too often a destructive force, rather than a virtue, as the speaker contends? To answer this question it is crucial to draw a distinction between loyalty as an abstract concept and its application. Apart from its consequences, loyalty is clearly a virtue that all humans should strive to develop. Loyalty is part of a universal ethos that we commonly refer to as the golden rule: Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. However, whether loyalty in its application amounts to virtue depends on its extent and its object.
本段譯文：是否像題中人說的那樣，通常情況下，忠誠是破壞性的力量而非美德?要回答這個問題，我們需要區分忠誠這個抽象概念與其具體應用。撇開忠誠帶來的后果不談，顯然它本身是一種美德。所有人都應該努力去做到忠誠。忠誠是社會意識的一部分。通常，我們說忠誠是金科玉律：己所不欲勿施于人。但是，在實際情況下，忠誠是否能和美德劃等號還取決于人們多大程度上去保持忠誠，以及對誰忠誠。
本段必背單詞：all too often常常;destructive破壞性的;virtue美德;crucial必要的;draw a distinction between A and B區分A和B;strive to努力;develop培養;universal廣泛的;ethos社會思潮;refer to as稱為;golden rule重要原則;amount to意味著;object對象
First consider the ways in which loyalty, if exercised in proper measure and direction, can be a positive force. Relationships between spouses and other exclusive pairs require some degree of trust in order to endure; and loyalty is part-and-parcel of that trust. Similarly, employment relationships depend on some measure of mutual loyalty, without which job attrition would run so rampant that societys economic productivity would virtually come to a halt. And, without some mutual loyalty between a sovereign state and its citizenry there can be no security or safety from either revolt or invasion. The world would quickly devolve into anarchy or into a despotic state ordered by brute force.
本段譯文：首先我們要考慮忠誠的方式。如果尺度和方向正確，那么忠誠就是積極力量。配偶以及其他排外性關系需要一定程度的信任才能持久。忠誠是信任的重要組成部分。同樣，雇傭關系也需要一定程度的相互忠誠，否則會摩擦不斷，以至經濟停滯。并且，如果主權國家和人民之間沒有相互忠誠那么就會有叛亂或入侵。那時安定將不復存在。世界也會迅速淪為殘暴勢力下的無政府或專制狀態。
本段必背單詞：exercise實行;proper measure合適的尺度;spouse配偶;exclusive排他的;part-and-parcel重要的組成部分;attrition摩擦;rampant蔓延的;come to a halt停步不前;sovereign有主權的;revolt反叛;invasion入侵;devolve衰落;anarchy無政府主義;despotic暴君的;brute殘暴的
On the other hand, misguided or overextended loyalty can amount to a divisive and even destructive force. In school, undue loyalty to popular social cliques often leads to insulting and abusive language or behavior toward students outside these cliques. Undue loyalty to a spouse or other partner can lead to acquiescence in abusive treatment by that partner and abuse of oneself by continuing to be loyal despite the abuse.
本段譯文：另一方面，錯誤的或者過分的忠誠是有破壞性的。在學校，對于學校小團體的過分忠誠會引起對于非此類圈子同學的侮辱和謾罵。對于配偶的過度忠誠則會使人在受虐待后仍保持沉默。繼續忠誠只會讓自己受虐待。
本段必背單詞：misguided錯誤的;overextended過分的;divisive造成不和的;undue過度飛;clique小團體;insulting侮辱的;acquiescence默許;despite盡管
Misguided loyalty can also occur between people and their institutions. Undue loyalty to college alma maters often leads to job discrimination---for example, when a job candidate with the same alma mater as that of the person making the hiring decision is chosen over a more qualified candidate from a different school. Loyalty to ones employer can also become a destructive force, if it leads to deceptive business practices and disregard for regulations designed to protect public health and safety. By way of undue loyalty to their employers, employees sometimes harm themselves as well. Specifically, many employees fail to advance their own careers by moving on to another place of work, or type of work altogether, because of a misplaced sense of loyalty to one company. Finally, and perhaps foremost in terms of destructive potential, is misguided loyalty to ones country or political leaders. History shows all too well that fine line between patriotism and irrational jingoism can lead to such atrocities as persecution, genocide, and war.
本段譯文：錯誤的忠誠也表現在人與機構的關系上。對母校的過度忠誠常常會導致工作歧視---比如，一位能力沒有別人強的求職者被錄用，而原因就是因為他和面試官來自同一大學。如果對雇主的過度忠誠使人做出欺詐性的商業行為或者忽視保護公共安全和健康的規則，那么這種忠誠也可能是極具破壞性的。對雇主的過度忠誠也會傷害雇員自己。具體來說，很多雇員不會換工作來推進自己的職業生涯就是因為對某個公司過于忠誠。最后，也可能是最具有破壞性的是對國家或政治領袖的忠誠。歷史上太多事例表明愛國主義與侵略主義之間如果分不清楚，就會導致諸如迫害，種族滅絕和戰爭這類暴行。
本段必背單詞：institution機構;alma maters母校;candidate求職者;qualified合格的;deceptive business practice欺詐性的商業行為;regulation：規則;all too well：太;fine line細微差別
Patriotism愛國主義;jingoism軍國主義;atrocity暴行;persecution迫害;genocide種族滅絕
To sum up, without loyalty there can be no basis for trust between two people, or between people and their institutions. A world devoid of loyalty would be a paranoid, if not anarchical, one. Nevertheless, loyalty must be tempered by other virtues, such as fairness, tolerance, and respect for other people and for oneself. Otherwise, I agree that it can serve to divide, damage, and even destroy.
本段譯文：總的來說，沒有忠誠就沒有人與人之間，人與組織之間信任的基礎。一個沒有忠誠的世界如果不是混亂的，那也是多疑的世界。然而正必須由公正、容忍以及對他人的尊重這樣的美德來調和。否則，我同意忠誠會導致不和、破壞甚至毀滅。
