2023職稱英語(yǔ)綜合類閱讀理解之閱讀精選Managing

　　1.Assume for a moment that youre a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?

　　1、此刻假設(shè)你是一位美國(guó)經(jīng)理，你準(zhǔn)備到一家全球組織的國(guó)外分支機(jī)構(gòu)工作.。你知道你的環(huán)境將與國(guó)內(nèi)的不同，但二者的差異會(huì)達(dá)到什么程度呢?你應(yīng)當(dāng)注意些什么?

　　2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,well look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreign environment,regardless of national origin.

　　2、任何一位發(fā)覺自己處于一個(gè)陌生國(guó)家的管理者都面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)。在這一節(jié)中，我們將考察這些挑戰(zhàn)，并對(duì)如何做出反應(yīng)提供一些指導(dǎo)。雖然我們將以一位美國(guó)管理者的視角來(lái)展開我們的討論，但是我們的分析框架能為任何在國(guó)外環(huán)境中經(jīng)營(yíng)的管理者使用，不受國(guó)籍之限。

　　3.The Legal-Political Environment

　　3、法律-政治環(huán)境

　　4.U.S. managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems.Changes are slow,and legal and political procedures are well established.Elections are held at regular intervals. Even changes in political parties after anelection do not produce radical or quick transformations. The stability of lawsgoverning the actions of individuals and institutions allows for accuratepredictions. The same cant be said for all countries. Managers in a globalorganization must stay informed of the specific laws in countries where they dobusiness.

　　4、美國(guó)的管理者習(xí)慣于穩(wěn)定的法律和政治體系。在這一體系中，變化是緩慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，選舉定期舉行，即使總統(tǒng)大選后的政黨變化也不會(huì)引起快速的、根本的改變。由于支配個(gè)人和機(jī)構(gòu)行為的法律是穩(wěn)定的，因此就可以進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)，而其它國(guó)家并非都是如此。在全球組織任職的管理者必須熟知他們經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)的國(guó)家所特有的法律體系。

　　5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments. Managers ofbusinesses in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability. For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.

　　5、一些國(guó)家的政府在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)間內(nèi)都是不穩(wěn)定的。這些國(guó)家的企業(yè)管理者由于政治不穩(wěn)定而面臨高度不確定性。政治干預(yù)也是眾多亞洲國(guó)家現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的一個(gè)方面。

　　6.The legal-political environment doesnt have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers. Just the fact that a countrys laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important. Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.

　　6、法律-政治環(huán)境并非只有不穩(wěn)定或具有革命性才會(huì)引起管理者的注意。事實(shí)上，一個(gè)國(guó)家法律或政治體系與美國(guó)的差異才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他們經(jīng)營(yíng)中的約束以及存在的機(jī)會(huì)，就必須認(rèn)識(shí)這些差異。

　　7.The Economic Environment

　　7、經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境

　　8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doing business in other countries. One of the first is understanding the type of economic system under which the country operates. The two major types are a market economy and a command economy. A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. In actuality,no economy is purely market or command. For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control. The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based. Then theres China,a country thats more command based,but is moving to be more market-based. Why would managers need to know about a countrys economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions. Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.

　　8、全球管理者在其它國(guó)家開展業(yè)務(wù)必須了解一些經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。首先，要知道所在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制類型。兩種主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是：市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，資源主要是由私營(yíng)企業(yè)所掌握和控制。在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)中，經(jīng)濟(jì)決策由中央政府決定。事實(shí)上，沒有一種經(jīng)濟(jì)是純市場(chǎng)或純計(jì)劃的。例如，英美兩國(guó)都處在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一端，但是他們還有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鮮的經(jīng)濟(jì)在更大程度上以控制為基礎(chǔ)。還有中國(guó)，這個(gè)國(guó)家正從偏重以計(jì)劃為基礎(chǔ)向偏重以市場(chǎng)為基礎(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化。為什么管理者必須了解一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的情況呢?因?yàn)檫@可能會(huì)約束他們的決策和行為。管理者必須了解的其它經(jīng)濟(jì)因素包括匯率、通貨膨脹和不同的稅收政策。

　　1.Assume for a moment that youre a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?

　　1、此刻假設(shè)你是一位美國(guó)經(jīng)理，你準(zhǔn)備到一家全球組織的國(guó)外分支機(jī)構(gòu)工作.。你知道你的環(huán)境將與國(guó)內(nèi)的不同，但二者的差異會(huì)達(dá)到什么程度呢?你應(yīng)當(dāng)注意些什么?

　　2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,well look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreign environment,regardless of national origin.

　　2、任何一位發(fā)覺自己處于一個(gè)陌生國(guó)家的管理者都面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)。在這一節(jié)中，我們將考察這些挑戰(zhàn)，并對(duì)如何做出反應(yīng)提供一些指導(dǎo)。雖然我們將以一位美國(guó)管理者的視角來(lái)展開我們的討論，但是我們的分析框架能為任何在國(guó)外環(huán)境中經(jīng)營(yíng)的管理者使用，不受國(guó)籍之限。

　　3.The Legal-Political Environment

　　3、法律-政治環(huán)境

　　4.U.S. managers are accustomed to stable legal and political systems.Changes are slow,and legal and political procedures are well established.Elections are held at regular intervals. Even changes in political parties after anelection do not produce radical or quick transformations. The stability of lawsgoverning the actions of individuals and institutions allows for accuratepredictions. The same cant be said for all countries. Managers in a globalorganization must stay informed of the specific laws in countries where they dobusiness.

　　4、美國(guó)的管理者習(xí)慣于穩(wěn)定的法律和政治體系。在這一體系中，變化是緩慢的，法律和政治程序是完善的，選舉定期舉行，即使總統(tǒng)大選后的政黨變化也不會(huì)引起快速的、根本的改變。由于支配個(gè)人和機(jī)構(gòu)行為的法律是穩(wěn)定的，因此就可以進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)，而其它國(guó)家并非都是如此。在全球組織任職的管理者必須熟知他們經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)的國(guó)家所特有的法律體系。

　　5.Also,some countries have a history of unstable governments. Managers ofbusinesses in these countries face dramatically greater uncertainty as a result ofpolitical instability. For instance,political interference is a face of life in someAsian countries.

　　5、一些國(guó)家的政府在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的歷史時(shí)間內(nèi)都是不穩(wěn)定的。這些國(guó)家的企業(yè)管理者由于政治不穩(wěn)定而面臨高度不確定性。政治干預(yù)也是眾多亞洲國(guó)家現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的一個(gè)方面。

　　6.The legal-political environment doesnt have to be unstable orrevolutionary to be a concern to managers. Just the fact that a countrys laws andpolitical system differ from those of the United States is important. Managers mustrecognize these differences if they hope to understand the constraints under whichthey operate and the opportunities that exist.

　　6、法律-政治環(huán)境并非只有不穩(wěn)定或具有革命性才會(huì)引起管理者的注意。事實(shí)上，一個(gè)國(guó)家法律或政治體系與美國(guó)的差異才是重要的。管理者如果希望了解他們經(jīng)營(yíng)中的約束以及存在的機(jī)會(huì)，就必須認(rèn)識(shí)這些差異。

　　7.The Economic Environment

　　7、經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境

　　8.The global manager must be aware of economic issues when doing business in other countries. One of the first is understanding the type of economic system under which the country operates. The two major types are a market economy and a command economy. A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector. A command economy is one in which all economic decisions are planned by a central government. In actuality,no economy is purely market or command. For instance,the United States and the United Kingdom are two countries at the market end of the spectrum but they do have minimal governmental control. The economies of Vietnam and North Korea,however,would be more command-based. Then theres China,a country thats more command based,but is moving to be more market-based. Why would managers need to know about a countrys economic system? Because it has the potential to constrain decisions and actions. Other economic issues a manager might need to understand include currency exchange rates,inflation rates,and diverse tax policies.

　　8、全球管理者在其它國(guó)家開展業(yè)務(wù)必須了解一些經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。首先，要知道所在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制類型。兩種主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制是：市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，資源主要是由私營(yíng)企業(yè)所掌握和控制。在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)中，經(jīng)濟(jì)決策由中央政府決定。事實(shí)上，沒有一種經(jīng)濟(jì)是純市場(chǎng)或純計(jì)劃的。例如，英美兩國(guó)都處在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一端，但是他們還有少量的政府控制。又如，越南和朝鮮的經(jīng)濟(jì)在更大程度上以控制為基礎(chǔ)。還有中國(guó)，這個(gè)國(guó)家正從偏重以計(jì)劃為基礎(chǔ)向偏重以市場(chǎng)為基礎(chǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化。為什么管理者必須了解一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的情況呢?因?yàn)檫@可能會(huì)約束他們的決策和行為。管理者必須了解的其它經(jīng)濟(jì)因素包括匯率、通貨膨脹和不同的稅收政策。