英語講義【85】被動(dòng)句中的動(dòng)詞形態(tài)
信箱里有一張裝修商的傳單，上面有這句話：
Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.
這句話清楚嗎？很清楚！問題是第二個(gè)并列分句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞形態(tài)entitle不對(duì)。為什么不對(duì)呢？這就要從主動(dòng)語態(tài)（the active voice）和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（the passive voice）的差別談起。
在主動(dòng)語態(tài)里，主語是動(dòng)作的主角，如：
① I have just bought a new dictionary.
② They will invite you to dinner.
在被動(dòng)語態(tài)里，賓語成為主角，原來的主語則靠邊站，移至句后，如：
③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me.
④ You will be invited to dinner by them.
在被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)里，最重要的成分是接系動(dòng)詞be+主動(dòng)詞的過去分詞（be+past participle of the principal verb）。③里的has been bought和④里的will be invited便是這個(gè)成分。根據(jù)這原則，be entitle就要改為be entitled才行。
現(xiàn)在多看看幾個(gè)例子：
⑤ One must do the work properly.The work must be properly done.
⑥ Someone took down the pictures.The pictures were taken down.
⑦ Anne gave John a photo.John was given a photo by Anne.
在⑤和⑥里，原來的主語不重要，所以在被動(dòng)句中被省略了。在 ⑦里，我們看到兩個(gè)賓語，一個(gè)是直接賓語（direct object）a photo，另一個(gè)是間接賓語（indirect object）John。直接賓語一定是事物；間接賓語就是人物。
這樣的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，有兩種變法。除了John was given a photo by Anne之外，另一個(gè)方法是A photo was given to John by Anne.
在日常英語用途上，直接語態(tài)比間接語態(tài)用得多。但在下列情況中，則應(yīng)采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
㈠主語不詳，如：
① A puppy was knocked down.
② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.
㈡突出賓語，如：
③ The gangster was sent to prison.
④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned.
⑤ All good students will be rewarded.
㈢不方便提到主語，如：
⑥ Some students are said to be often late for class.
⑦ The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.
㈣動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣以被動(dòng)式出現(xiàn)，如：
⑧ You are expected to work hard from now on.
⑨ The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m.
⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.
①⑩這些被動(dòng)句中的原有主語通常被省略，不出現(xiàn)。
信箱里有一張裝修商的傳單，上面有這句話：
Exchange this leaflet for a free gift and also be entitle to a lucky draw with no purchase required.
這句話清楚嗎？很清楚！問題是第二個(gè)并列分句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞形態(tài)entitle不對(duì)。為什么不對(duì)呢？這就要從主動(dòng)語態(tài)（the active voice）和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（the passive voice）的差別談起。
在主動(dòng)語態(tài)里，主語是動(dòng)作的主角，如：
① I have just bought a new dictionary.
② They will invite you to dinner.
在被動(dòng)語態(tài)里，賓語成為主角，原來的主語則靠邊站，移至句后，如：
③ A new dictionary has just been bought by me.
④ You will be invited to dinner by them.
在被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)里，最重要的成分是接系動(dòng)詞be+主動(dòng)詞的過去分詞（be+past participle of the principal verb）。③里的has been bought和④里的will be invited便是這個(gè)成分。根據(jù)這原則，be entitle就要改為be entitled才行。
現(xiàn)在多看看幾個(gè)例子：
⑤ One must do the work properly.The work must be properly done.
⑥ Someone took down the pictures.The pictures were taken down.
⑦ Anne gave John a photo.John was given a photo by Anne.
在⑤和⑥里，原來的主語不重要，所以在被動(dòng)句中被省略了。在 ⑦里，我們看到兩個(gè)賓語，一個(gè)是直接賓語（direct object）a photo，另一個(gè)是間接賓語（indirect object）John。直接賓語一定是事物；間接賓語就是人物。
這樣的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，有兩種變法。除了John was given a photo by Anne之外，另一個(gè)方法是A photo was given to John by Anne.
在日常英語用途上，直接語態(tài)比間接語態(tài)用得多。但在下列情況中，則應(yīng)采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：
㈠主語不詳，如：
① A puppy was knocked down.
② Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation.
㈡突出賓語，如：
③ The gangster was sent to prison.
④ Two eye witnesses have been questioned.
⑤ All good students will be rewarded.
㈢不方便提到主語，如：
⑥ Some students are said to be often late for class.
⑦ The name of the suspect has been submitted to the police.
㈣動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣以被動(dòng)式出現(xiàn)，如：
⑧ You are expected to work hard from now on.
⑨ The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m.
⑩ All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.
①⑩這些被動(dòng)句中的原有主語通常被省略，不出現(xiàn)。
