英語(yǔ)講義【138】形似義異的句子
英語(yǔ)句子千變?nèi)f化,但都有一定的句法。有些句子,外表相似,但含義不同。有時(shí)兩個(gè)句子中,只有一個(gè)字不同,甚至只有一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)不同,句子的意思也跟著不同。有趣的是,句子越淺白,問(wèn)題可能越多。
現(xiàn)在看看這兩個(gè)句子:
(1) Ken said he had been fairly well treated.
(2) Ken said he had been fairly treated.
這兩個(gè)句子都有副詞fairly,但是在(1)里,它是個(gè)程度副詞(adverb of degree),意思是相當(dāng)?shù)亍T冢?)里,它是個(gè)狀態(tài)副詞(adverb of manner),意思是公平地。第一個(gè)fairly修飾另一個(gè)副詞well;第二個(gè)fairly修飾動(dòng)詞treated。
再看看這兩個(gè)句子:
(3) Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not fit him.
(4) Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not suit him.
(3)和(4)的唯一差別是在動(dòng)詞fit和suit。前者指尺寸;后者指款式。區(qū)區(qū)一字之別,意思大不相同。
最后,比較下面四組句子,看看它們又如何形似義異:
(5) Samuel, the manager, told me that he was leaving the job.
(6) Samuel, the manager, told me to leave the job.
這兩句主要的不同根源在told這動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)涵。(5)里的間接引語(yǔ)(indirect speech)是個(gè)陳述句(declarative sentence)。(6)里的間接引語(yǔ)是個(gè)祈使句(imperative sentence)。這兩句的直接引語(yǔ)(direct speech)如下:
- I am leaving the job, said Samuel, the manager.
- Leave the job ! said Samuel, the manager.
(7) The tourist spent two days in Singapore.
(8) The tourist spent two days on Singapore.
這兩句的差別僅在介詞in和on。
(7)里的意思就是旅客在新加坡觀光兩天。(8)里的目的不是觀光,而是研究。(7)里指的是spending time sightseeing Singapore。 (8)里指的是spending time studying about Singapore.
(9) I had a view of the London Bridge.
(10) I had a view from the London Bridge.
這兩句的差別也在兩個(gè)不同的介詞:of 和from。
在(9)里,倫敦大橋是說(shuō)話人觀看的目標(biāo)。在(10)里,倫敦大橋是說(shuō)話人的立足點(diǎn),去看別的東西。
(11) John helped her do the office work.
(12) John helped her to do the office work.
(11)表示約翰直接和全面的幫助她,從而減輕她的負(fù)擔(dān)。(12)并不指直接投入有關(guān)的工作,而是以其他方式協(xié)助她,讓她完成自己的任務(wù)。
英語(yǔ)句子千變?nèi)f化,但都有一定的句法。有些句子,外表相似,但含義不同。有時(shí)兩個(gè)句子中,只有一個(gè)字不同,甚至只有一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)不同,句子的意思也跟著不同。有趣的是,句子越淺白,問(wèn)題可能越多。
現(xiàn)在看看這兩個(gè)句子:
(1) Ken said he had been fairly well treated.
(2) Ken said he had been fairly treated.
這兩個(gè)句子都有副詞fairly,但是在(1)里,它是個(gè)程度副詞(adverb of degree),意思是相當(dāng)?shù)亍T冢?)里,它是個(gè)狀態(tài)副詞(adverb of manner),意思是公平地。第一個(gè)fairly修飾另一個(gè)副詞well;第二個(gè)fairly修飾動(dòng)詞treated。
再看看這兩個(gè)句子:
(3) Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not fit him.
(4) Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not suit him.
(3)和(4)的唯一差別是在動(dòng)詞fit和suit。前者指尺寸;后者指款式。區(qū)區(qū)一字之別,意思大不相同。
最后,比較下面四組句子,看看它們又如何形似義異:
(5) Samuel, the manager, told me that he was leaving the job.
(6) Samuel, the manager, told me to leave the job.
這兩句主要的不同根源在told這動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)涵。(5)里的間接引語(yǔ)(indirect speech)是個(gè)陳述句(declarative sentence)。(6)里的間接引語(yǔ)是個(gè)祈使句(imperative sentence)。這兩句的直接引語(yǔ)(direct speech)如下:
- I am leaving the job, said Samuel, the manager.
- Leave the job ! said Samuel, the manager.
(7) The tourist spent two days in Singapore.
(8) The tourist spent two days on Singapore.
這兩句的差別僅在介詞in和on。
(7)里的意思就是旅客在新加坡觀光兩天。(8)里的目的不是觀光,而是研究。(7)里指的是spending time sightseeing Singapore。 (8)里指的是spending time studying about Singapore.
(9) I had a view of the London Bridge.
(10) I had a view from the London Bridge.
這兩句的差別也在兩個(gè)不同的介詞:of 和from。
在(9)里,倫敦大橋是說(shuō)話人觀看的目標(biāo)。在(10)里,倫敦大橋是說(shuō)話人的立足點(diǎn),去看別的東西。
(11) John helped her do the office work.
(12) John helped her to do the office work.
(11)表示約翰直接和全面的幫助她,從而減輕她的負(fù)擔(dān)。(12)并不指直接投入有關(guān)的工作,而是以其他方式協(xié)助她,讓她完成自己的任務(wù)。