高中英語語法-英語中的種種省略現(xiàn)象(一)
英語中的種種省略現(xiàn)象(一)
在英語語言中,為了使語言簡潔明了,重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變,這種語言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略。現(xiàn)就英語中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下:
一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如:
1.The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy )handed it to a policeman. 這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
2.Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry .你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
3.Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪驪一直在寫作業(yè)
4.Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1.狀語從句中的省略
一般說來省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語從句中:由 when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句;由whether,if,unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;由 though,although,even if,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;由 as,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句;由as,as if,as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時,并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原則:
(1)當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時,可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):
① 連詞(as,as if,once)+ 名詞 如:Once (he was)a worker,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個工人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
②連詞( though,whether,when)+形容詞 如:Work hard when (you are) young,or youll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí),要不然你會后悔的。
③連詞(whether,as if,while )+介詞短語 如:He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
④連詞(when,while,though )+ 現(xiàn)在分詞 如:While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時,感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。
⑤ 連詞(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as )+ 過去分詞 如:The exhibition is more interesting than (it was)expected .這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多
⑥ 連詞(as if,as though ) + 不定式 如:Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak .奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動員劉翔張開嘴好象要說什么。注意:當(dāng)從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時,間或也有這樣的省略:Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過馬路時父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
(2)當(dāng)從句的主語是 it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時,可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構(gòu)成連詞(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Unless (it is) necessary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要,你最好不要自學(xué)庫。
2.定語從句中的省略
(1) 一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 that,which,whom 可以省略;如:(2002上海春季)Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎? 而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 which,whom 不可以省略。試比較:Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。Tom,whom you saw yesterday,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 湯姆病倒了,你昨天見到他了。
(2)在口語和非正式用語中,關(guān)系副詞when,where,和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來代替,甚至還可省略。如:
①This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。
② He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the golden week holiday .他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
③ Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
(3)當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時,從句不能用 how 來引導(dǎo),應(yīng)該用that 或 in which,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷浴H纾?I dont like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3.賓語從句中的省略
(1)在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that 一般可以省略;但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句,那么只有第一個that可以省略。如:
① I think (that) the reform of the renminbis exchange rate is necessary. 我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
② He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說《反分裂國家法》已被通過,而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。
(2)由 which,when,where,how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
① I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I dont know when (he will come to our city)我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。
② He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4.在與suggest,request,order,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語氣形式should +動詞原形,should可以省略。
如:Chirac,President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法國總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續(xù)。
5.主句省略多用于句首
如:(It is a ) Pity that I didnt go to Marys birthday party yesterday.很遺憾,我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。6.在答語中,主句可全部省略。如:Why were you absent from school last Friday ?(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. 上周五你為什么沒有上學(xué)? 因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕1][2]
英語中的種種省略現(xiàn)象(一)
在英語語言中,為了使語言簡潔明了,重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變,這種語言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略。現(xiàn)就英語中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下:
一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如:
1.The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy )handed it to a policeman. 這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
2.Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry .你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
3.Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪驪一直在寫作業(yè)
4.Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1.狀語從句中的省略
一般說來省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語從句中:由 when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句;由whether,if,unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句;由 though,although,even if,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;由 as,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句;由as,as if,as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句。上述狀語從句在省略時,并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原則:
(1)當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時,可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):
① 連詞(as,as if,once)+ 名詞 如:Once (he was)a worker,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個工人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
②連詞( though,whether,when)+形容詞 如:Work hard when (you are) young,or youll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí),要不然你會后悔的。
③連詞(whether,as if,while )+介詞短語 如:He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
④連詞(when,while,though )+ 現(xiàn)在分詞 如:While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會談時,感謝中國在六方會談中起的重要作用。
⑤ 連詞(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as )+ 過去分詞 如:The exhibition is more interesting than (it was)expected .這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多
⑥ 連詞(as if,as though ) + 不定式 如:Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak .奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動員劉翔張開嘴好象要說什么。注意:當(dāng)從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時,間或也有這樣的省略:Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過馬路時父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
(2)當(dāng)從句的主語是 it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時,可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構(gòu)成連詞(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Unless (it is) necessary,youd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒有必要,你最好不要自學(xué)庫。
2.定語從句中的省略
(1) 一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 that,which,whom 可以省略;如:(2002上海春季)Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎? 而在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 which,whom 不可以省略。試比較:Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。Tom,whom you saw yesterday,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 湯姆病倒了,你昨天見到他了。
(2)在口語和非正式用語中,關(guān)系副詞when,where,和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來代替,甚至還可省略。如:
①This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。
② He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the golden week holiday .他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
③ Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
(3)當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時,從句不能用 how 來引導(dǎo),應(yīng)該用that 或 in which,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷浴H纾?I dont like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3.賓語從句中的省略
(1)在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that 一般可以省略;但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句,那么只有第一個that可以省略。如:
① I think (that) the reform of the renminbis exchange rate is necessary. 我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
② He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說《反分裂國家法》已被通過,而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。
(2)由 which,when,where,how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
① I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I dont know when (he will come to our city)我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。
② He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4.在與suggest,request,order,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語氣形式should +動詞原形,should可以省略。
如:Chirac,President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法國總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續(xù)。
5.主句省略多用于句首
如:(It is a ) Pity that I didnt go to Marys birthday party yesterday.很遺憾,我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。6.在答語中,主句可全部省略。如:Why were you absent from school last Friday ?(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. 上周五你為什么沒有上學(xué)? 因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕1][2]