高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納

　　高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納

　　(一)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)主要分為兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)指主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)功作的執(zhí)行者，。者為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)指主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者，。者為被功關(guān)系。

　　I have done the job.(主動(dòng)句)

　　The job has been done.(被動(dòng)句)

　　1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)的不同，可分為以下幾種類型：

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are+done;

　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/were+done

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are+being done

　　過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were+being done

　　將來(lái)時(shí) ：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has +been done

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had+been done

　　將來(lái)完成時(shí)：will+have been done

　　2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)門(mén)主功語(yǔ)態(tài)一樣具有不同時(shí)態(tài)，其時(shí)態(tài)的變化取決于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，其時(shí)態(tài)的變化形式由其助動(dòng)詞be的事態(tài)變化形式來(lái)體現(xiàn)

　　The house is being painted now.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　The furniture was bought last week..(過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　Youll be punished one day.(將來(lái)時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　3.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的意義

　　(1)不知道或沒(méi)必要指出行為、動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(無(wú)須加buy短語(yǔ))

　　Colour TV sets are sold in that shop.

　　Football is plated all over the world.

　　(2)突出和強(qiáng)調(diào)行為或動(dòng)作的承受著。

　　History is made by the people.

　　The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.

　　(3)有時(shí)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，可后置。

　　Its said that we have won the game.

　　4.在使役動(dòng)詞makr及感官動(dòng)詞see ，hear.等動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式后面出現(xiàn)的作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式須加不定式符號(hào)to

　　The teacher made Tom answer it again.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不加to )

　　Tom was made to answer it again.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，加to )

　　5.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語(yǔ)。

　　look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay attention to，hand in，put on，look up，give up〕等.

　　6. be+過(guò)去分詞可以是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，也可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu)形式。區(qū)別是，系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)或特征，不帶by短語(yǔ);而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是表示主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，可以帶by短語(yǔ)。

　　The job was well done.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

　　The job was well done by a skilled worker.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　The composition is well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

　　The composition is written with great care;.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

　　7.原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)如果是從句，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要用形式主語(yǔ)it.

　　It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him.

　　It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.

　　8.有一些動(dòng)詞不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　break out，take place，happen，belong to，cost，suit，fit，have，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet(遇見(jiàn))，join(參加)，fail等

　　9.賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。

　　The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.

　　10.有些動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常用所接的不定式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。

　　如：happen，pretend，seem，used to，ought to，appear等。

　　The house used to be painted white.

　　The job has to be done before dark.

　　On the way we happened to be caught in the rain.

　　11.有些動(dòng)名詞在want, need, require和介詞worth后形式為主動(dòng)，意義為被動(dòng)。

　　12.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義。如：clean, sell,look，lock，open，write，read，wash,feel等。

　　This kind of cloth washes easily.

　　These books sell well.(好賣)

　　The door doesnt lock.

　　The door cant open.

　　This pen writes very well.

　　13.除助動(dòng)詞be可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)外，get, become等詞也可以+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)意義。

　　She was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party.

　　(。)主謂一致。

　　主謂一致指的是句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上必須保持一致，句子的主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)，主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　1.主謂一致的三個(gè)原則。

　　英語(yǔ)中的主謂一致主要遵循三個(gè)原則：意義一致原則、語(yǔ)法一致原則和就近原則。這三個(gè)原則常常發(fā)生矛盾，但當(dāng)發(fā)生沖突時(shí)，意義一致原則為優(yōu)先考慮的原則。

　　(1)語(yǔ)法一致原則：

　　主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)通常是在語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致，即主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)采取單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　She is a girl.她是女孩。

　　They are all girls.她們都是女孩。

　　The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.

　　這位教授兼作家被邀請(qǐng)到很多大學(xué)作報(bào)告。

　　(教授與作家是同一個(gè)人，是單數(shù).)

　　The old are very well taken care of in our city.老年人在我們城市被照顧得很好。( the old指所有的老年人，指一類人，為復(fù)數(shù)概念。)

　　(2)就近原則：

　　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)由靠近它的主語(yǔ)決定。

　　There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk.

　　書(shū)桌上有一本書(shū)，兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。

　　There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk.

　　書(shū)桌上有兩支鋼筆，一本書(shū)和三支鉛筆。

　　Either my sisters or my mother is coming.

　　不是我的姐妹們就是我的媽媽要來(lái)。

　　(3)意義一致原則：

　　主語(yǔ)形式上是單數(shù)，但表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;或主語(yǔ)形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，但表達(dá)單數(shù)意義，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也采用單數(shù)形式。

　　The police are still running after the murderer.

　　警察還在追殺人犯。

　　The news was very exciting.

　　這則資訊令人激動(dòng)。

　　My family were watching TV at 7 oclock.

　　7點(diǎn)鐘的時(shí)候，我們?nèi)胰嗽诳措娨暋?/p>

　　My family has moved three times.我們家搬過(guò)三次。

　　2.主謂一致的應(yīng)用。

　　(1)單一主語(yǔ)的情況。

　　單一主語(yǔ)指的是由一個(gè)中心名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的主語(yǔ)，其主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致情況如下：

　　①不定代詞作主語(yǔ)

　　a.不定代詞either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)、

　　b. none作主語(yǔ)時(shí)如果指人或可數(shù)的物，表數(shù)目，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式皆可;如果指不可數(shù)名詞，表量，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.

　　吉米把所有的錢(qián)都用光了，一點(diǎn)沒(méi)留。

　　c. neither/either of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)形式的代詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　Neither of these words is correct.

　　這些單詞沒(méi)有一個(gè)是正確的。

　　d. the other two()，the other three()another two( ... ) , both等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)、

　　Five people came to help，but another three were still needed.

　　已經(jīng)有五個(gè)人來(lái)幫忙了，但我們還需要三個(gè)

　　e. all指人時(shí)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);指全部事情時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)

　　All the work was finished.

　　所有的活都干完了

　　All is going well一切都很正常.

　　f.在each . and each，every.and every，no.and no,many a. . . and many a等由and連接并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)、

　　Each boy and each girl has got a seat.

　　每個(gè)男孩和女孩都有一個(gè)座位.

　　Every man and everv woman is at work.

　　每個(gè)男人和女人都在工作.

　　No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.

　　很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到一點(diǎn)聲音

　　Every boy and every girl likes the film star.

　　所有的男孩和女孩都喜歡這個(gè)電影明星

　　g. such山作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)其意義而定、

　　Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.

　　這就是史蒂芬霍金，遭受著巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。

　　Such as have plenty of money want more money.

　　那些有足夠錢(qián)的人還想要更多的錢(qián)。

　　②集合名詞作主語(yǔ)

　　a.有些集體名詞，如people, cattle, police等形式上是單數(shù)，但意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.

　　人們還在談?wù)撟蛱彀l(fā)生的那場(chǎng)事故。

　　b.集合名詞，如audience(觀眾)，army, class, crew船員)，company(公司)，crowd(人群)，enemy, family, group, government(政府)，public (公眾)，population(人口),team(隊(duì)員)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);若著眼于組成該集體的一個(gè)個(gè)成員或個(gè)體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)就該用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.

　　中國(guó)人口很多，其中80%的人住在農(nóng)村。

　　c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch結(jié)尾的表示國(guó)家、民族的形容詞與the連用時(shí)表示復(fù)數(shù)含義，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)如the English, the Chinese，the French等

　　The English are a polite people.英國(guó)是一個(gè)禮儀之邦。

　　③以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的特殊名詞作主語(yǔ)

　　a.以一ics結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科名稱的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù).

　　Politics is taught in our school.

　　我們學(xué)校開(kāi)設(shè)政治課。

　　b.專有名詞如國(guó)名、人名、書(shū)名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)等作主語(yǔ)，形式上即使是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)，如the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times等。

　　Lu Xuns works sells well. 魯迅的著作很暢銷。

　　c.有些名詞如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings(殘?jiān)Ｓ?，clothes, trousers, belongings(財(cái)產(chǎn))，savings, scissor，等作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式

　　The family were saved but the belongings were lost.

　　這一家人獲救，但損失了所有財(cái)產(chǎn)。

　　d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其單復(fù)數(shù)而定

　　Each means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective.

　　每一種方法都試過(guò)，但沒(méi)有一個(gè)是有效的。

　　④含有修飾語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)

　　a一些由兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)部分組成一體的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主語(yǔ)，前面若無(wú)a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等這類單位詞，通常作復(fù)數(shù)用，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作復(fù)數(shù)。若帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下。

　　His black trousers are too long.他的那條黑褲子太長(zhǎng)了。

　　Your glasses are on your nose.你的眼鏡在鼻子上。

　　但若這類名詞與a pair連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往用單數(shù)。

　　This pair of shoes is made in Beijing.這雙鞋子是北京制造的。

　　There is a pair of glasses on your bed.你的床上有副眼鏡。

　　b. a number of意為許多，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)一般也用復(fù)數(shù)：the number of意為的數(shù)目，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)只能用單數(shù)

　　A number of the other plants were found in America.

　　在美洲還發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多別的植物。

　　The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.

　　在中國(guó)乘飛機(jī)旅行的人數(shù)比以往多了。

　　c.只修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of...)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式;其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式

　　Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作當(dāng)成娛樂(lè)。

　　d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of)等詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞，又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)所修飾詞而定、

　　A lot of students are coming to the meeting.

　　很多學(xué)生要來(lái)參加這次會(huì)議。

　　A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.

　　為了準(zhǔn)備會(huì)議，還有很多工作要做。

　　〔注意」a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of)作主語(yǔ)或其修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)quantity的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。

　　Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.

　　學(xué)校安裝設(shè)備需要很多錢(qián)。

　　A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.

　　為孩子們買(mǎi)了大量的故事書(shū)：

　　e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount( of)等修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量詞作主語(yǔ)或修飾的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù)形式

　　A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.

　　很多時(shí)間在玩耍中浪費(fèi)掉了，但本應(yīng)好好利用的

　　f. more than one十單數(shù)名詞盡管意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但因中心詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也必須用單數(shù)以符合語(yǔ)法一致的原則在more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語(yǔ)常用復(fù)數(shù).

　　More than one person was injured in the accident.

　　不止一人在這次事故中受傷-

　　More members than one are against the proposal.

　　反對(duì)這項(xiàng)提議的會(huì)員不止一個(gè)

　　g. one or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)

　　One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.

　　昨天下午有一兩個(gè)學(xué)生在植樹(shù)

　　h.表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡的復(fù)數(shù)名詞與pass, go by，waste, use, spend等詞連用時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)

　　Five years have passed since I joined the Party.我入黨五年了

　　i. one or two 后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)但在a/an十單數(shù)名詞+or two結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語(yǔ)卻常用單數(shù)

　　One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.