高中英語語法歸納
高中英語語法歸納
(一)被動語態
動詞的語態主要分為兩種：主動語態與被動語態主動語態指主語是謂語功作的執行者，。者為主動關系。被動語態指主語是謂語動作的承受者，。者為被功關系。
I have done the job.(主動句)
The job has been done.(被動句)
1.被動語態根據時態的不同，可分為以下幾種類型：
一般現在時：am/is/are+done;
一般過去時：was/were+done
現在進行時：am/is/are+being done
過去進行時：was/were+being done
將來時 ：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done
現在完成時：have/has +been done
過去完成時：had+been done
將來完成時：will+have been done
2被動語態門主功語態一樣具有不同時態，其時態的變化取決于時間狀語，其時態的變化形式由其助動詞be的事態變化形式來體現
The house is being painted now.(現在進行時被動語態)
Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.(現在完成時被動語態)
The furniture was bought last week..(過去時被動語態)
Youll be punished one day.(將來時被動語態)
3.被動語態的意義
(1)不知道或沒必要指出行為、動作的執行者(無須加buy短語)
Colour TV sets are sold in that shop.
Football is plated all over the world.
(2)突出和強調行為或動作的承受著。
History is made by the people.
The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.
(3)有時主語較長，可后置。
Its said that we have won the game.
4.在使役動詞makr及感官動詞see ，hear.等動詞的被動語態形式后面出現的作主語補足語的不定式須加不定式符號to
The teacher made Tom answer it again.(主動語態，不加to )
Tom was made to answer it again.(被動語態，加to )
5.短語動詞的被動語態要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語。
look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay attention to，hand in，put on，look up，give up〕等.
6. be+過去分詞可以是被動語態形式，也可以是系表結構形式。區別是，系表結構表示主語狀態或特征，不帶by短語;而被動語態是表示主語的一個被動動作，可以帶by短語。
The job was well done.(系表結構)
The job was well done by a skilled worker.(被動語態)
The composition is well written.(系表結構)
The composition is written with great care;.(被動語態)
7.原來主動語態中的賓語如果是從句，變為被動語態時，要用形式主語it.
It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him.
It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.
8.有一些動詞不能用被動語態。
break out，take place，happen，belong to，cost，suit，fit，have，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet(遇見)，join(參加)，fail等
9.賓語為反身代詞時，不用被動語態，只用主動語態形式。
The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.
10.有些動詞或情態動詞常用所接的不定式來表示被動意義。
如：happen，pretend，seem，used to，ought to，appear等。
The house used to be painted white.
The job has to be done before dark.
On the way we happened to be caught in the rain.
11.有些動名詞在want, need, require和介詞worth后形式為主動，意義為被動。
12.有些動詞用主動形式來表示被動意義。如：clean, sell,look，lock，open，write，read，wash,feel等。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
These books sell well.(好賣)
The door doesnt lock.
The door cant open.
This pen writes very well.
13.除助動詞be可以構成被動語態外，get, become等詞也可以+過去分詞構成被動意義。
She was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party.
(。)主謂一致。
主謂一致指的是句子的謂語動詞與其主語在數上必須保持一致，句子的主語是第三人稱單數，其謂語動詞須用單數，主語是復數，則謂語動詞用復數。
1.主謂一致的三個原則。
英語中的主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：意義一致原則、語法一致原則和就近原則。這三個原則常常發生矛盾，但當發生沖突時，意義一致原則為優先考慮的原則。
(1)語法一致原則：
主語和謂語通常是在語法形式上取得一致，即主語是單數形式，謂語動詞也應采取單數形式;主語是復數形式，謂語動詞也應采取復數形式。
She is a girl.她是女孩。
They are all girls.她們都是女孩。
The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.
這位教授兼作家被邀請到很多大學作報告。
(教授與作家是同一個人，是單數.)
The old are very well taken care of in our city.老年人在我們城市被照顧得很好。( the old指所有的老年人，指一類人，為復數概念。)
(2)就近原則：
謂語動詞的人稱和數由靠近它的主語決定。
There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk.
書桌上有一本書，兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。
There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk.
書桌上有兩支鋼筆，一本書和三支鉛筆。
Either my sisters or my mother is coming.
不是我的姐妹們就是我的媽媽要來。
(3)意義一致原則：
主語形式上是單數，但表達復數意義，那么謂語動詞要用復數形式;或主語形式上是復數，但表達單數意義，則謂語動詞也采用單數形式。
The police are still running after the murderer.
警察還在追殺人犯。
The news was very exciting.
這則資訊令人激動。
My family were watching TV at 7 oclock.
7點鐘的時候，我們全家人在看電視。
My family has moved three times.我們家搬過三次。
2.主謂一致的應用。
(1)單一主語的情況。
單一主語指的是由一個中心名詞或名詞短語構成的主語，其主語與謂語的一致情況如下：
①不定代詞作主語
a.不定代詞either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數、
b. none作主語時如果指人或可數的物，表數目，謂語動詞單復數形式皆可;如果指不可數名詞，表量，謂語動詞用單數。
Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.
吉米把所有的錢都用光了，一點沒留。
c. neither/either of+復數名詞或復數形式的代詞，謂語動詞可用單數，也可用復數。
Neither of these words is correct.
這些單詞沒有一個是正確的。
d. the other two()，the other three()another two( ... ) , both等作主語時謂語動詞用復數、
Five people came to help，but another three were still needed.
已經有五個人來幫忙了，但我們還需要三個
e. all指人時作主語，謂語動詞用復數;指全部事情時，謂語動詞常用單數
All the work was finished.
所有的活都干完了
All is going well一切都很正常.
f.在each . and each，every.and every，no.and no,many a. . . and many a等由and連接并列單數主語的結構中，謂語動詞用單數、
Each boy and each girl has got a seat.
每個男孩和女孩都有一個座位.
Every man and everv woman is at work.
每個男人和女人都在工作.
No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.
很長時間沒有聽到一點聲音
Every boy and every girl likes the film star.
所有的男孩和女孩都喜歡這個電影明星
g. such山作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式應根據其意義而定、
Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.
這就是史蒂芬霍金，遭受著巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。
Such as have plenty of money want more money.
那些有足夠錢的人還想要更多的錢。
②集合名詞作主語
a.有些集體名詞，如people, cattle, police等形式上是單數，但意義上是復數，謂語動詞需用復數。
People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.
人們還在談論昨天發生的那場事故。
b.集合名詞，如audience(觀眾)，army, class, crew船員)，company(公司)，crowd(人群)，enemy, family, group, government(政府)，public (公眾)，population(人口),team(隊員)等作主語時，若作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數;若著眼于組成該集體的一個個成員或個體時，謂語就該用復數。
The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.
中國人口很多，其中80%的人住在農村。
c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch結尾的表示國家、民族的形容詞與the連用時表示復數含義，謂語動詞用復數如the English, the Chinese，the French等
The English are a polite people.英國是一個禮儀之邦。
③以復數形式結尾的特殊名詞作主語
a.以一ics結尾的表示學科名稱的名詞作主語時，謂語用單數.
Politics is taught in our school.
我們學校開設政治課。
b.專有名詞如國名、人名、書名、組織機構等作主語，形式上即使是復數，謂語動詞也要用單數，如the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times等。
Lu Xuns works sells well. 魯迅的著作很暢銷。
c.有些名詞如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings(殘渣，剩余)，clothes, trousers, belongings(財產)，savings, scissor，等作主語，其謂語動詞只能用復數形式
The family were saved but the belongings were lost.
這一家人獲救，但損失了所有財產。
d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等單復數同形的名詞作主語，謂語動詞根據其單復數而定
Each means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective.
每一種方法都試過，但沒有一個是有效的。
④含有修飾語的名詞作主語
a一些由兩個對應部分組成一體的復數名詞，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主語，前面若無a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等這類單位詞，通常作復數用，謂語動詞作復數。若帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的單復數決定謂語動詞的單復數形式。
My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下。
His black trousers are too long.他的那條黑褲子太長了。
Your glasses are on your nose.你的眼鏡在鼻子上。
但若這類名詞與a pair連用時，謂語動詞往往用單數。
This pair of shoes is made in Beijing.這雙鞋子是北京制造的。
There is a pair of glasses on your bed.你的床上有副眼鏡。
b. a number of意為許多，修飾可數名詞復數時謂語一般也用復數：the number of意為的數目，作主語時，謂語只能用單數
A number of the other plants were found in America.
在美洲還發現了許多別的植物。
The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.
在中國乘飛機旅行的人數比以往多了。
c.只修飾可數名詞的量詞several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of...)作主語，謂語動詞應用復數形式;其修飾的名詞作主語、謂語動詞也應用復數形式
Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作當成娛樂。
d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of)等詞既可修飾可數名詞，又可修飾不可數名詞，謂語的形式應根據所修飾詞而定、
A lot of students are coming to the meeting.
很多學生要來參加這次會議。
A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.
為了準備會議，還有很多工作要做。
〔注意」a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of)作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞應根據quantity的單復數形式而定。
Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.
學校安裝設備需要很多錢。
A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.
為孩子們買了大量的故事書：
e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount( of)等修飾不可數名詞的量詞作主語或修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞只能用單數形式
A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.
很多時間在玩耍中浪費掉了，但本應好好利用的
f. more than one十單數名詞盡管意義上是復數，但因中心詞是單數形式，謂語也必須用單數以符合語法一致的原則在more+復數名詞+than one結構之后，謂語常用復數.
More than one person was injured in the accident.
不止一人在這次事故中受傷-
More members than one are against the proposal.
反對這項提議的會員不止一個
g. one or two +復數名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數
One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午有一兩個學生在植樹
h.表示時間、距離、價格、度量衡的復數名詞與pass, go by，waste, use, spend等詞連用時，謂語動詞用復數
Five years have passed since I joined the Party.我入黨五年了
i. one or two 后接復數名詞，謂語要用復數但在a/an十單數名詞+or two結構之后，謂語卻常用單數
One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.
