英語語法 定語從句2
18.5 介詞+關系詞
1)介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3)某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的介詞+關系詞結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太陽使地球暖起來，這對我們人類很重要。
典型例題
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：
(1)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應為B。
as 的用法
例1. the samesuchas 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和一樣。例如：
I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一樣的麻煩。
例2. as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有正如。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.
As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。
18.7 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的動詞都送來了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我沒什么關系。
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
(錯)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，與庶民同罪。
(對)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰搶了銀行還不清楚。
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時，通常用作關系代詞，而引導名詞性從句時，是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你會喜歡這些郵票的。
What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實踐。
18.9 關系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 引導非限定性定語從句時。例如：
(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用。例如：
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。.
e) 先行詞既有人，又有物時。例如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
18.5 介詞+關系詞
1)介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3)某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的介詞+關系詞結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太陽使地球暖起來，這對我們人類很重要。
典型例題
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：
(1)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應為B。
as 的用法
例1. the samesuchas 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和一樣。例如：
I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一樣的麻煩。
例2. as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有正如。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.
As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。
18.7 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
18.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的動詞都送來了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我沒什么關系。
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
(錯)Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，與庶民同罪。
(對)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰搶了銀行還不清楚。
3) that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時，通常用作關系代詞，而引導名詞性從句時，是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你會喜歡這些郵票的。
What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實踐。
18.9 關系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 引導非限定性定語從句時。例如：
(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用。例如：
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b) 在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。.
e) 先行詞既有人，又有物時。例如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
