09年中考英語單詞分類復習策略12
09年中考英語單詞分類復習策略12
四、 完形填空與閱讀
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(一) 知識概要 ?
完形填空是一種在語意封閉的情況下考察學生閱讀能力及掌握語言基礎知識能力的綜合性題目。?學生應根據語義完整、語法正確的原則進行通篇閱讀。借助文章的現成文字,通過邏輯思維,聯系上下文,推斷出可能的答案。然后再從所給選擇答案中逐空選出在通讀全文時腦海中已出現的答案填入空內。試推想在小學五六年級時去讀西游記,水滸傳,你也并非每個字都認得,每句話都能真正理解。但你還是可以明了全文的意思,讀得有滋有味。這就是語言能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺字,不認得字、詞語的情況下,能否全面理解文章的正確意思,然后選入適當的詞語。在選擇后還要前后彼此呼應反復驗證所選答案。有時答案一時不易驗證,不要急于順序填寫,可能在填出后面答案時,而得到前面的答案。有時則需運用所學的詞法、句法、時態和固定搭配等知識對4個選項進行分析,比較、排除干擾項,確定正確的答案。?待答案全部選定后,一定要復讀全文以驗證:① 所選答案是否能使全文流暢,邏輯推理是否正確。② 具體實事是否成立,前后關系是否理順。③ 語法是否正確,其中包括時態的選擇、詞匯選擇、固定搭配等。在通讀全文時最好在可能的條件下將所選答案填入文章中,反復閱讀。而不要在文章空中只寫選項的代號,這樣影響全文的理解,不易找出錯誤之處。在做完形填空時,應注意以下幾點:?
(1) 重視首句,首段的開篇啟示作用,讀懂了第一句,或第一段有可能預測到全篇大意。
(2) 一定要顧及上下文間的語意聯系。在完形填空的設計中,一般是以語義為第一要素同時兼顧語法。有的4個選項單獨填入這個單句中全是正確的,但拿到文中從下文聯系起來看,則文理不通。為此要通篇考慮,顧及上下文的聯系是十分重要的。?
(3) 要堅持語意第一的原則,而語法應放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一種單項選擇式的考察。但實質上也是一種閱讀能力和學生重建文意能力的考察。它一般是利用語法的正確性與內容排斥性的矛盾而命題的。所給答案大都是離開上下文均可說得通的。但語意上辯析、排斥才能找到答案。例如:?
It took Charlie Mui several months to save up seven dollars? He wanted to ______ a model plane and went to the shop with the money??
A? sell B? buy C? hold D? bring?
這里肯定需要一個動詞,所給答案也都是動詞,但只能從意義上考慮而選B項。?
(4) 要認真注意細節,做到語法正確。一些答案在意義上講都是正確的,但從線索上看要找出語法正確的答案。如:?
Mr Evans is an old man of about sixty? His wife died a few years ago? His chi
ldren ______ him by then.?
A? left B? would leave C? have left D? had left?
答案應為D。這句話正確的語意都是離開,但仔細發現有 by then 之說,由此可得出這是個動作的截止時間,應選為 had left 過去完成時態。?下面再看一些例子。?
(1) 語意第一原則?
A young father was visiting an old neighbour? They were standing in the old man's garden? and talking about ______ .?
A? trees B? flowers C? children D? old people?
那么他們談論的中心是什么呢?可能是樹、花,由于他們是在花園里談論。但如果前后的段落配合看,則其談論的也可能是孩子和老年人。這就是要求我們切勿望文生義。?
(2) 語法正確,注意細節的原則?
在語意正確的前題下,還要根據學過的語法知識,及詞語的固定搭配,選擇正確答案。?如:
One night the dog began to bark suddenly? It made Mr Erens ? ______ ①______ ? to sleep? He had to get up and tried his ?______ ② ______ ? to stop it, but the beast wouldn't stop, and kept on ?______ ③ ______ ???
① A? go not B? not go C? not to go D? to not go?
② A? well B? good C? better D? best?
③ A? bark B? to bark C? barking D? barked?
以上3個小題中所給答案從語意上都是正確的,這就要求選擇語法正確的那一個。?第一空中根據句子結構,要填一個賓語補足語。而動詞 make 后面的定語補足語應省去不定式符號 to, 且其否定式 + not,即不定式的否定式為 not to do, 而省去 to 后則應為 not do. 在動詞前直接+ not?故應選B。?而第二個空顯然是一個固定搭配。語意上為: Mr? Erens 盡力地阻止狗叫,所以應選D。 try one's best 是盡力而為之意。?第三個空顯然是 keep on doing something 連續不斷之意,應選 ing 的動詞形式。其答案為C。?
(3) 根據所給答案的不同詞類,從不同角度分別考慮選擇?
完形填空所給的詞往往是不同類的,這就要求對不同詞類作不同考慮。如果所缺的是動詞,那么首先在選擇語意正確的前提下,考慮動詞的時態、語態和是否是要填入非謂語動詞。若是介詞或副詞則要考慮是否固定搭配,以及介詞、副詞在結構和意義上的選擇。若是連詞,則應更多地從句子結構和上下文的連接上選擇。若是代詞,則應考慮性、數、格等方面,以及形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級等。?
例如: A man and his wife had a small bar near a station? They often worked late into the night, ?______ ① ______ ? people came to drink there while they were ? ______ ② ______ ? trains??At two o'clock one morning, one man was still at a table in the small bar? He was asleep? The bar man's wife wanted to leave? She looked ?______ ③ ______? the bar several times, and each time the man was ? ______ ④ ______ ? there? Then at last she went to her husband and said to him, You ? ______ ⑤ ______ ? that man six times, George ,
? ______ ⑥ ______? he isn't drinking anything??
① A? as soon as B? because C? so D? though ?
② A? catching up with B? getting on C? looking after D? waiting for ?
③ A? at B? for C? into D? out of ?
④ A? always B? often C? still D? already ?
⑤ A? have woken B? wake C? had woken D? will wake ?
⑥ A? and B? but C? yet D? too ?
從文中看,第一選項,由于給了不同的連詞,從意義選擇應為B。第二選項均為分詞形式,也應從語意上選擇,其答案是D。 第三選項給了四個介詞,而 into 則是從外向里觀看,所以應選C。第四項是副詞 still 意為仍然,從意義上應選擇C。 而第五項所給的是同個動詞,只是時態不同。從故事情景看,只能選完成時態A。 而最后一個選項是連詞,由于句意則只能用 but 轉折連詞。?
從目前完形填空初中階段的考察看,除語意第一外,更多地選擇了單詞的用法及意義,動詞的時態,短語和慣用法等。為此,要做好完形填空題目,除有較好的閱讀能力外,更要有扎實的語言基礎知識及日常生活的邏輯推理能力。?閱讀理解能力在教學大綱中有明確的要求。它是目前條件下考查學生英語運用能力的常規題型之一,也是分值最高的題型之一。學生的閱讀理解能力如何,標志著學生繼續深入學習的潛力有多大,它是集語法,詞匯,邏輯推理背景知識于一體的綜合語言能力的測試。它除對學生的閱讀理解的正確性進行測試外,同時從閱讀速度、技巧、文化背景常識等方面對學生進行測試。?從近年各地中考題分析看,閱讀類測試除為一般常規測試題型外,在試題中所占分值較大,為此應引起學生特別注意。?如何做好閱讀理解題呢?首先要求考生有足夠的基礎知識和較好的閱讀速度以及技巧方面的訓練。同時還要注意以下幾個方面的問題。?
1? 要了解閱讀測試的重點?
如上所述,閱讀過程是一個綜合作用的過程,為此閱讀的測試就不能僅將著眼點放在語言結構的測試上,而是通過看,通過閱讀獲取信息的能力。?在閱讀一篇文章時,我們首先會想到:① 文章說的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。② 事情發生的時間、地點、人物是什么。③ 作者所持態度如何。④ 結論是什么。?有些說明性信息在文章中容易獲取,如:時間、數字、地點、人物等。有些信息如作者的態度,事件的結論,中心思想,文章的標題,則需通過文中線索,說明信息等等去分析推斷才能獲取。而這些說明性及內隱性的信息正是閱讀理解的測試重點內容。而其難點在于理解、推斷、得出結論時,應從英語國家的風俗習慣、語言習慣、宗教信仰、民族問題等方面來考慮,而不是僅從中國人的語言習慣來作推論。這也是這方面的難點之一。?
例: John drove a taxi through the busy streets of Boston every day??John was ?____________
A? a manager B? a driver C? a policeman D? a dustman ?
由此我們應能由drive a taxi 來得出結論約翰是位出租車司機而不是別的什么人。?
例:Mrs Barker's sister was ill? She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday, but not at the weekend, so every Friday evening Mrs Baker used to go off to spend the weekend at her home in a neighboring town?This meant that Mr? Baker First he had to drive home from the station? Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her train??Who was ill? ____________ ??
A? Mr?Baker B? Mrs Baker?
C? Mr? Baker's sister D? Mrs Baker's sister?
從這些只言片語中可以看出有三個人物出場,而問題的設計是表淺的,只要細心即可。?
[答案] D.?
從中考閱讀命題中,由于考慮到考生的能力有限,和大部分學生畢業的要求,語言結構的測試占很大一部分比重。但對于要考入重點中學的學生來講,僅僅幾分較高要求的題目可能會決定他們的升學命運。因為這一部分分值是往往使學生棘手的那些隱性問題的測試。如:?
Like many other families in 1870, Katie Olson and her family had come to the grassy plains of Kansas? Katie liked the prairie and their new sold house? But with no friends to play with, she was very lonely? Besides her mother and father, she had only her little brother, Matt, for company? She missed their old home in Wisconsir? ?Then one day her father had exciting news? Some settlers had bought the farm near the Olson's land? Katie became so excited on hearing the news that she thought she might burst? She begged her father to let her ride over with him to greet their new neighbors??The two rode across the prairie? They found Mr? and Mrs Laski were hard at working building their sod home? Katie was disappointed? She had hoped there would be some children to play with? But soon Mr Laski called out? Anna, and Carl, come out of the wagon? A boy and a girl? jumped down and came over to Katie? Katie didn't believe it? Her wish had come true??
1? Who was the most important person in the story??
A? Matt B? Katie C? Mr Laski D? Anna and Carl ?
2? What was Katie's problem in the story??
A? She had no friend. B? She didn't like Kansas.?
C? She couldn't ride a horse. D? She didn't like Anna and Carl. ?
從上文中看,信息的獲得不是直接的,而是必須通過整個文章的閱讀,理清人物關系,掌握中心思想,才能作出正確的判定。如第一問故事中人物眾多,但一直到讀完才知,故事講述了一個女孩Katie的事情。則她是故事的中心,所以應選擇B? 第二問是測試通過閱讀是否了解了人物的心理情緒。這些信息必須通過線索,綜合判定,從而其結論是A。?
2? 閱讀理解的解題思路和方法?
閱讀理解的測試點是在通過由于閱讀所能夠獲取信息的能力上,所以解題思路的重點應放在:
(1) 通讀全文,了解文章的主題和大意;了解作者的寫作目的、對事件的態度上。?
People sometimes change their way of doing business? In a village in Africa, people are using money for the first time? They're doing business with the world? ?Before this tribe (部落) used money, people came to the market in the village to trade (交易) things they had for things they needed? Now people must use money to buy what they want??Before using money, people helped one another? Their father who was head of the family, gave food, and clothing to his sons and their families? In return, the sons worked for their father? Now people no longer work for one another free? Instead, they are paid for the work they do??When a new road was needed. Everyone in the village helped build it, Now people must pay money to the village chief (首領) for roads and schools? The chief hires workers to build these new projects? More and better roads and schools are being built?It is not easy for people to change a way of doing business? To change from trading goods to using money takes time??
① The story doesn't say so, but it makes you think that ____________.?
A? family members often quarrel (爭吵) about money?
B? Africans do not change their way of doing business?
C? Africans refuse to use money?
D? families do not help one another in the same way now ?
[答案] D.?
② On the whole this story is about ____________ ??
A? the life of some Africans
B? changing from goods to using money?
C? people helps one another
D? building roads across Africa ?
[答案] B.?
從以上的問題看,所設提問均不是對某個具體事實。而是真對整篇文章,由此可見通讀全文,掌握中心和作者的態度的重要性。?
(2) 要注重文句間的相互關系。既注重主要情節又不可忽視細節。中考中閱讀命題很多情況下是對事件的某個細節而進行測試的。?
例: on Saturday afternoon they began with the back of the house? The next Saturday Tom went to a football match while his wife painted the front of the house? The next day they found they couldn't open any of the front windows? They get them open at last, but they broke three of the seven and they were very expensive to repair
?①? They lasted for about ______ days??
A? two B? three?
C? more than seven D? Less than seven
?
[答案] A.?
②? They had to get someone to make repair for ______ windows??
A? seven B? four C? ten D? three
?
[答案] D.?
第一問中,如不分析第一句和第二句中的兩個 Saturday, 很可能會選擇答案C。事實上,他們只干了兩個 Saturday, 而不是從這個星期六到下個星期六的7天時間。而第二問是他們弄壞了所有7個窗戶中的3個,所以應選D。?
(3) 特別注意首尾句在整個文章中的作用,以及它起到的啟示和結論性作用。?
例: Man has a big brain? He can think, learn and speak?but no animal learns when we speak? Scientists do not really know? They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain??
這篇文章只要我們注意了首尾句,即可得出結論,它是講述人類大腦與語言的關系的。人腦的其中一個作用是使他擁有語言,也就是和動物 apes, dogs 有了根本的區別。這樣這篇文章的許多細節可以迎刃而解了。?
①? In what way are men different from animals??
A? Men can understand things quickly.
B? Men can learn.?
C? Men have learned language.
D? Men have brains. ?
[答案] C.?
②? Scientists now know ?______?
A? how children learn to speak
B? why apes can learn a few words?
C? men's brain helps him to learn to speak
D? what happens when men speak
?
[答案] C.?
③? What is the topic the writer wants to talk about??
A? ape's language
B? men's brain and language?
C? human brain
D? animals' learning
?
[答案] B.?
以上只是做閱讀練習中的一般分析,要取得優異成績,還有賴于扎實的閱讀基礎和語言能力,以及平時的技巧訓練和刻苦練習。要堅持每天至少讀三四篇文章,以逐步提高自己的英語水平。
(二) 例題解析?
通讀下面短文,掌握其大意。然后從短文后各題所給的四個選項中選擇最佳的一項。?
Once there was a clever farmer? Though he was poor, he decided one day to take the king a roast goose (烤鵝) as a present? He had not had ?____ 1 ____?to cat that day, and soon the ?____ 2 ____ ? of the roast goose became too much for him as (當時) he ? ____ 3 ____ ? it to the king, so he ate one of its legs??When he came before the king and gave him the goose, the king ?____ 4 ?____ saw that it had only one leg??Now, the king ?____ 5 ____ ? was born with one bad leg, so he had never been able to ?____ 6 ____ ? properly (正常地)? When he saw the goose with only one leg, he thought the farmer had ?____ 7 ____ ? this to laugh at him? Of course he was very ?____ 8 ____ ?? The farmer was told that if anybody laughed at the king, he would be ?____ 9____ ? at once??Where is ____? 10 ____ ? leg of the goose? the king asked?? All the geese (goose 的復數) in this ? ____ 11 ____ ? of the country have one leg only, the farmer answered??Do you think I'm a fool(傻子)? the king shouted??____? 12 ____ ?, said the farmer, if you look out of the window, you will see geese with one leg by the ? ____ 13____ ???The king looked, and there the geese were ? ____ 14 ____ ? on one leg beside the water? The king at once told one of his men to ? ____ 15 ____ ? them with a big stick, and of course, they ? ____ 16 ____ ?their other legs and ran away??There, said the king? You were lying(說謊)? That ? ____ 17 ____ ? that the geese here have two legs, like all other ? ____ 18 ____ ? in the country??But it doesn't show anything, answered the farmer, if your men threw a big stick like that at me, I would grow two ? ____19 ____ ? legs myself to help me to run away ____? 20 ____ ??
