初中英語語法：英語介詞口訣詳解（4）
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one 接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣
例：一天 one day (不說 on one day)
one summer 在一個夏天
one year 一年
last night 昨天夜里
last Friday 上個星期五
last month 上月
last year 去年
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon 明天下午
tomorrow evening 明天晚上
next month 下個月
next week 下周
next year 明年
next Saturday 下星期六
this morning 今天早晨
this year 今年
this Tuesday 本星期二
this Autumn 今年秋天
that morning 那天早上
that evening 那天晚上
無論前面介詞 in、on 還是 at，通通可省略，不能說 at last night, on last Friday, in last month, in this year 這些都是不對的，須去掉介詞。
over, under 正上下，above, below 則不然，若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無關(guān)。
例：There is a picture over the window. 窗戶上面有一幅畫。(正上方)
The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過城市上空。(高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The moon was now above the trees in the east. 這時月亮已經(jīng)在東邊樹林的上方。(非正上方)
Dont stand above the masses. 勿高踞于群眾之上。(比喻一一非正上方)
The mountain is 700 feet above sea level. 這座山海拔700米。(非正上方)
There is a small building below the hill. 山下有座小樓房。(非正下方)
There is a submarine under the water. 水下有艘潛水艇。(正下方)
Water was found ten feet below the surface. 在地面下10英尺處找到了水。(非正下方)
The peasants are cooling themselves under the trees. 農(nóng)民們正在樹下乘涼。(正下方)
over under 正上下，低高 below 與 above
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃.室溫是攝氏30度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可)
Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000?你們有哪些價格低于10000美元的計(jì)算機(jī)?(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可〕
beyond 超出、無、不能
例：Its quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。
Dont stay out beyond 10 oclock. 不要在外呆到10點(diǎn)以后還不回家。
But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 發(fā)自肺腑的對學(xué)生們和我的老同事們的感激之心使我毫不緊張，毫不拘束;
Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it cant be praised enough.你的成績是贊揚(yáng)不盡的。
That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as a joke.那樣開玩笑太過火了。
They were touched beyond words. 他們被感動得無法形容。(無)
To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 辦這事我無能為力。(超出)
This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 這是必然的，毫無疑義的。(無)
另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.句子中的 beyond 是那邊的意思。
against 靠著，對與反
例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged against the south wall near the door. 立柜前面是兩把沙發(fā)椅，靠著南城門附近。(靠著)
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著)
A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110.新總統(tǒng)以274票對110票的多數(shù)當(dāng)選。 (對)
besides, except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi) along 沿
例：The design has many other advantages besides lower cost.除費(fèi)用低外，該設(shè)計(jì)還有許多其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。(優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括在內(nèi))
He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell.他沒有時間準(zhǔn)備講稿，而且他的身體也不大舒適。
Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外，我們都去參觀了展覽會。
He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。
Nobody was late except me. 除我以外，沒人遲到。
同類比較 except，加 for 異類記心間。
Hes composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes.他的這篇作文寫得很好，只是有幾處拼寫錯誤。(非同類比較用 except for)
She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有一個老姑媽，她別無親人。
Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her. (without = except) 當(dāng)安娜發(fā)現(xiàn)除她外，他們都去游泳了，她感到很失望。
Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples.除了那些古寺以外，獅頭山?jīng)]什么可看的。
Among other things, we are interested in drawing.我們對圖畫和別的一些東西很感興趣。(among 之內(nèi)即包括在內(nèi))
原狀 because of, owing to, due to 表語形容詞
例：Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule.由于我們的共同努力，任務(wù)提前完成了。
注：Owing to 和 because of 都做原因狀語，而 due to 只能做表語形容詞。所以此句。owing to 的介詞短語做原因狀語。
All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.我們的一切成績都?xì)w功于黨。(due to 做表語形容詞)
Under 后接修、建中，of，from 物化分
例：The road is under repair now.這條路正在修建中。
The new railway is still under construction. 新鐵路尚在修筑中。(不能用 in)
under discussion 在討論中(不能用 in) under considerate 在考慮中(不能用 in)
The desk is made of wood. 桌子是木頭做的。(物理變化用 of)
The wine is made from grape. 這種酒是用葡萄釀造的。(化學(xué)變化用 from)
The bridge is made of steel. 這座橋是鋼制的。(物理變化)
Steel is made from iron. 鋼是由鐵煉成的。(化學(xué)變化)
before, after 表一點(diǎn)，ago, later 表示一段
即 before, after 常表示一個點(diǎn)的時間狀語，而 ago，later 常表示一段的時間狀語。
例如：前天 the day before yesterday; 前年 the year before last; 大上星期 the week before last 等等都表示點(diǎn)狀語的。
要想準(zhǔn)確無誤地使用好 before 和 ago, after 和 later 比較困難，但要是以點(diǎn)和段來區(qū)別就容易得多。
例：晚飯前 before supper
解放前 before liberation
1970 年前 before 1970
文革前 before cultural revolution
國慶前 before National Day
入大學(xué)前 before coming to college
這些都是點(diǎn)狀語，因?yàn)?970年前即1970年1月1日前。國慶節(jié)即10月1日前。
ago 表示一段時間。
例：一分鐘前 a minute ago
半小時前 half an hour ago
兩天前 two days ago
一星期前 a week ago
五年前 five years ago
因?yàn)?a minute, half an hour, two days, a week, five years 等都表示一段時間，所以用 ago。以及 ten days later 等皆如此。
before 可接完成時，ago 過去級有限
這時的 before 是連詞(也可做介詞)
例：We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.我們剛離開學(xué)校，天就下雨了。(完成時)
I had studied French for four months before I came here.我來這兒以前就已學(xué)了四個月法語了。(before 接完成時)
He fell ill three days ago.他病了三天了。(ago 則只能接動詞過去式，同時注意瞬間動詞的問題。)
He left two months ago. 兩個月前他離開了。(同上)
I met her a few minutes ago. 我在幾分鐘前碰到他了。(同上)
Since 以來 during 間，since 時態(tài)多變換。與之相比 beside, 除了 last but one。
即 beside 的一般用法是在旁邊, 但還有和相比等特殊用法。
例：I felt so weak in spoken English beside them. 和他們相比，我感到我的口語太差。
Beside work and study, all else was trivial. 同工作和學(xué)習(xí)比起來，其他一切都是小事。
除了 last but one，即 but 多指除了的意思，也有倒數(shù)第幾的意思。last but one 即不是最后一個。
例：I havent told anybody but one. 除了我愛人，我誰也沒告訴。(除了)
Who but a fool would study foreign language well if he is a hard working one.如果他勤奮好學(xué)的話，除了傻瓜誰都能學(xué)好外語。(除了)
Look at the last page but one. 請看倒數(shù)第2頁。
He was the last but three in maths examination this time. 他這次數(shù)學(xué)考試成績倒數(shù)第四。
They live in the next house but one. 他們住在隔壁過去一家。
this，that，tomorrow，yesterday，next, last, one 接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣
例：一天 one day (不說 on one day)
one summer 在一個夏天
one year 一年
last night 昨天夜里
last Friday 上個星期五
last month 上月
last year 去年
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
tomorrow afternoon 明天下午
tomorrow evening 明天晚上
next month 下個月
next week 下周
next year 明年
next Saturday 下星期六
this morning 今天早晨
this year 今年
this Tuesday 本星期二
this Autumn 今年秋天
that morning 那天早上
that evening 那天晚上
無論前面介詞 in、on 還是 at，通通可省略，不能說 at last night, on last Friday, in last month, in this year 這些都是不對的，須去掉介詞。
over, under 正上下，above, below 則不然，若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無關(guān)。
例：There is a picture over the window. 窗戶上面有一幅畫。(正上方)
The plane flew above the city. 飛機(jī)飛過城市上空。(高于城市并非正上方)
A lamp was hanging over the table. 一盞燈是在方桌上方。(正上方)
The moon was now above the trees in the east. 這時月亮已經(jīng)在東邊樹林的上方。(非正上方)
Dont stand above the masses. 勿高踞于群眾之上。(比喻一一非正上方)
The mountain is 700 feet above sea level. 這座山海拔700米。(非正上方)
There is a small building below the hill. 山下有座小樓房。(非正下方)
There is a submarine under the water. 水下有艘潛水艇。(正下方)
Water was found ten feet below the surface. 在地面下10英尺處找到了水。(非正下方)
The peasants are cooling themselves under the trees. 農(nóng)民們正在樹下乘涼。(正下方)
over under 正上下，低高 below 與 above
The temperature in the room is below (or under) 30℃.室溫是攝氏30度以下。(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可)
Do you have anything in the way of computers below (under) $10000?你們有哪些價格低于10000美元的計(jì)算機(jī)?(數(shù)量詞兩者皆可〕
beyond 超出、無、不能
例：Its quite beyond me (It is more than I can understand). 這我完全不懂。
Dont stay out beyond 10 oclock. 不要在外呆到10點(diǎn)以后還不回家。
But the gratitude from the bottom of my heart to the students and my old colleagues, has gone beyond my control. 發(fā)自肺腑的對學(xué)生們和我的老同事們的感激之心使我毫不緊張，毫不拘束;
Your work is beyond all praise, so good that it cant be praised enough.你的成績是贊揚(yáng)不盡的。
That is going beyond a joke, passes the limits of what is reasonable as a joke.那樣開玩笑太過火了。
They were touched beyond words. 他們被感動得無法形容。(無)
To do this was quite beyond all doubts. 辦這事我無能為力。(超出)
This is inevitable and beyond all doubts. 這是必然的，毫無疑義的。(無)
另外, Beyond two cottages stood his house.句子中的 beyond 是那邊的意思。
against 靠著，對與反
例: In front of the wardrobe there are two upholstered armchairs arranged against the south wall near the door. 立柜前面是兩把沙發(fā)椅，靠著南城門附近。(靠著)
She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲憊地靠著欄桿站著。(靠著)
A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110.新總統(tǒng)以274票對110票的多數(shù)當(dāng)選。 (對)
besides, except 分內(nèi)外，among 之內(nèi) along 沿
例：The design has many other advantages besides lower cost.除費(fèi)用低外，該設(shè)計(jì)還有許多其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。(優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括在內(nèi))
He had no time to prepare his lecture, besides which he was unwell.他沒有時間準(zhǔn)備講稿，而且他的身體也不大舒適。
Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外，我們都去參觀了展覽會。
He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。
Nobody was late except me. 除我以外，沒人遲到。
同類比較 except，加 for 異類記心間。
Hes composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes.他的這篇作文寫得很好，只是有幾處拼寫錯誤。(非同類比較用 except for)
She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有一個老姑媽，她別無親人。
Anna felt disappointed when she found out they had gone swimming without her. (without = except) 當(dāng)安娜發(fā)現(xiàn)除她外，他們都去游泳了，她感到很失望。
Lion Head Hill is not worth seeing except for its old temples.除了那些古寺以外，獅頭山?jīng)]什么可看的。
Among other things, we are interested in drawing.我們對圖畫和別的一些東西很感興趣。(among 之內(nèi)即包括在內(nèi))
原狀 because of, owing to, due to 表語形容詞
例：Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled ahead of schedule.由于我們的共同努力，任務(wù)提前完成了。
注：Owing to 和 because of 都做原因狀語，而 due to 只能做表語形容詞。所以此句。owing to 的介詞短語做原因狀語。
All our achievements are due to the correct leadership of our Party.我們的一切成績都?xì)w功于黨。(due to 做表語形容詞)
Under 后接修、建中，of，from 物化分
例：The road is under repair now.這條路正在修建中。
The new railway is still under construction. 新鐵路尚在修筑中。(不能用 in)
under discussion 在討論中(不能用 in) under considerate 在考慮中(不能用 in)
The desk is made of wood. 桌子是木頭做的。(物理變化用 of)
The wine is made from grape. 這種酒是用葡萄釀造的。(化學(xué)變化用 from)
The bridge is made of steel. 這座橋是鋼制的。(物理變化)
Steel is made from iron. 鋼是由鐵煉成的。(化學(xué)變化)
before, after 表一點(diǎn)，ago, later 表示一段
即 before, after 常表示一個點(diǎn)的時間狀語，而 ago，later 常表示一段的時間狀語。
例如：前天 the day before yesterday; 前年 the year before last; 大上星期 the week before last 等等都表示點(diǎn)狀語的。
要想準(zhǔn)確無誤地使用好 before 和 ago, after 和 later 比較困難，但要是以點(diǎn)和段來區(qū)別就容易得多。
例：晚飯前 before supper
解放前 before liberation
1970 年前 before 1970
文革前 before cultural revolution
國慶前 before National Day
入大學(xué)前 before coming to college
這些都是點(diǎn)狀語，因?yàn)?970年前即1970年1月1日前。國慶節(jié)即10月1日前。
ago 表示一段時間。
例：一分鐘前 a minute ago
半小時前 half an hour ago
兩天前 two days ago
一星期前 a week ago
五年前 five years ago
因?yàn)?a minute, half an hour, two days, a week, five years 等都表示一段時間，所以用 ago。以及 ten days later 等皆如此。
before 可接完成時，ago 過去級有限
這時的 before 是連詞(也可做介詞)
例：We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.我們剛離開學(xué)校，天就下雨了。(完成時)
I had studied French for four months before I came here.我來這兒以前就已學(xué)了四個月法語了。(before 接完成時)
He fell ill three days ago.他病了三天了。(ago 則只能接動詞過去式，同時注意瞬間動詞的問題。)
He left two months ago. 兩個月前他離開了。(同上)
I met her a few minutes ago. 我在幾分鐘前碰到他了。(同上)
Since 以來 during 間，since 時態(tài)多變換。與之相比 beside, 除了 last but one。
即 beside 的一般用法是在旁邊, 但還有和相比等特殊用法。
例：I felt so weak in spoken English beside them. 和他們相比，我感到我的口語太差。
Beside work and study, all else was trivial. 同工作和學(xué)習(xí)比起來，其他一切都是小事。
除了 last but one，即 but 多指除了的意思，也有倒數(shù)第幾的意思。last but one 即不是最后一個。
例：I havent told anybody but one. 除了我愛人，我誰也沒告訴。(除了)
Who but a fool would study foreign language well if he is a hard working one.如果他勤奮好學(xué)的話，除了傻瓜誰都能學(xué)好外語。(除了)
Look at the last page but one. 請看倒數(shù)第2頁。
He was the last but three in maths examination this time. 他這次數(shù)學(xué)考試成績倒數(shù)第四。
They live in the next house but one. 他們住在隔壁過去一家。
