屠呦呦 諾貝爾獎和毛主席的號召
BEIJING — During the upheaval of China’s Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, when many of thecountry’s Western-trained scientists were shunned and persecuted, the government had anurgent scientific problem that needed attention.
北京——在1960年代文化大革命動亂期間，中國很多受過西方教育的科學家都遭到了冷落和迫害，而政府面臨著一個緊迫的科學問題需要解決。
North Vietnam, an important ally that was in the middle of war with the United States, hadasked for a way to reduce the deaths of its soldiers from malaria, which had become resistantto the drug chloroquine. Malaria was also killing large numbers of people in southern China.
中國的重要盟友北越當時正在與美國作戰，因為瘧疾逐漸對氯喹藥物有了抗藥性，他們希望中國幫助減少北越士兵的瘧疾死亡率。而且當時瘧疾也在中國南方肆虐，奪去了很多人的生命。
Mao Zedong set up a secret military project, Project 523 — named after its starting date, May23, 1967 — to find a solution. But China’s top expert in the field of malaria research, likelegions of other Chinese in this time of high political turmoil, had been labeled a “rightist andshunted aside.
為了尋找解決方案，毛澤東成立了一個秘密軍事項目，稱為523項目，這個名字來自于它的啟動日期1967年5月23日。但是，就像動亂期間的其他很多中國人一樣，瘧疾研究領域的頂級專家也已經作為“右派靠邊站了。
After making little headway on the problem, the government turned to the Academy ofTraditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing, and to a little-known scientist, Tu Youyou, who hadstudied both Western and Chinese medicine — and who found the solution in traditionalChinese healing.
項目沒有取得什么進展，于是政府找到了北京的中國中醫研究院以及一位名不見經傳的科學家屠呦呦。結果，對西醫和中醫均有過研究的屠呦呦從中國傳統醫學中找到了解決方案。
Dr. Tu, 84, on Monday became the first citizen of the People’s Republic of China to win a NobelPrize in the sciences, for discovering artemisinin, a drug that is now part of standard antimalarialregimens. She shared the Nobel for medicine or physiology with two scientists who alsodeveloped antiparasitic drugs.
本周一，現年84歲的屠呦呦成為第一位獲得諾貝爾獎科學獎項的中國公民。她發現的青蒿素現在已經是標準的抗瘧治療方案的一部分。屠呦呦與其他兩名研制抗寄生蟲藥的科學家一起，分享了今年的諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。
Dr. Tu, through the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica at the Academy of Chinese MedicalSciences where she works, issued a statement about the value of artemisinin and traditionalChinese medicine.
屠呦呦通過她所在的中國中醫科學院中藥研究所，發表了一份關于青蒿素與傳統中醫藥價值的獲獎感言。
“Artemisinin is a gift for the world’s people from traditional Chinese medicine, the statementsaid.
“青蒿素是傳統中醫藥送給世界人民的禮物，聲明說。
Four Chinese scientists born in Chinese mainland have been awarded the Nobel in physics, butonly after making their careers in the West. The Chinese government has long wanted a Nobelin the sciences for the sake of prestige and as a confirmation of the quality of its educationsystem.
之前已經有四名出生在中國大陸的華裔科學家獲得過諾貝爾物理學獎，但都是他們在西方開創事業之后。中國政府一直希望本土有人獲得諾貝爾科學獎，認為這可以提升其聲譽，是對其教育體系質量的認可。
The Chinese government and state-run news media celebrated Dr. Tu’s prize as anacknowledgment of the rising strength of Chinese science as well as a vindication of the valueof traditional Chinese medicine. But some scientists and commentators also said that untilnow, China’s scientific establishment had treated Dr. Tu somewhat dismissively.
中國政府和官方資訊媒體慶祝屠呦呦獲得了諾貝爾獎，認為這體現了中國科研實力的提升，也證明了中國傳統醫學的價值。但是一些科學家和評論人士也表示，迄今為止，中國科研體制對屠呦呦的態度一直很冷淡。
Prime Minister Li Keqiang said that Dr. Tu’s Nobel “was an expression of the prosperity andprogress of Chinese science, and of the huge contribution that Chinese traditional medicineand pharmacy has made to the health of humankind.
李克強總理說，屠呦呦獲得諾貝爾獎“是中國科技繁榮進步的體現，是中醫藥對人類健康事業作出巨大貢獻的體現。
But Dr. Tu had been denied a place as an academician in China’s highest honorary body forscientists, apparently because of her lack of foreign training and a doctoral degree, othercommentators noted.
不過也有評論人士指出，屠呦呦之所以未能成為中國科學家最高榮譽機構的院士，顯然是因為她缺乏外國教育背景，也沒有博士學位。
“I think that Tu Youyou’s prize should lead to deeper reflection about China’s scientificefforts, Wang Yuanfeng, a professor in Beijing said in an online commentary. “There are manyproblems in the institutions and mechanisms of scientific work in China.
“我覺得借由屠呦呦的獲獎，還應該對中國的科技工作做更深的思考!北京的教授王元豐在網上評論說。“中國科技工作的體制和機制還存在不少問題。
At the start of her research for Project 523, Dr. Tu, then 39, was sent to Hainan Island, in thesouthernmost region of China, to see how the disease was affecting the population. Herhusband had been purged during the Cultural Revolution, and she put her 4-year-old daughterinto a nursery. Her visit to Hainan was the start of a decade of work, she told New Scientist inan interview in 2011.
在參與523項目之初，當時39歲的屠呦呦被派到中國最南端的海南島，親眼看到了這種疾病給當地居民帶來的痛苦。她的丈夫在文革期間遭到迫害，她把4歲的女兒送到了托兒所。在2011年接受《新科學家》(NewScientist)采訪時，她說那次海南之行是歷時10年的工作的開始。
She visited traditional medical practitioners across China, and from those conversations,compiled a notebook, “A Collection of Single Practical Prescriptions for Anti-Malaria. Among2,000 traditional Chinese recipes, she said, one compound was found to be effective: sweetwormwood, or Artemisia annua, which was used for “intermittent fevers, a hallmark ofmalaria.
她走訪了中國各地的傳統醫藥從業者，并整理了談話記錄，編寫了《抗瘧單驗方集》。她說，在2000多個藥方中，他們發現有一味藥在抑制瘧疾的標志癥狀“間歇熱時很有效，那就是青蒿。
In the interview, Dr. Tu told New Scientist that she reread a particular recipe, written morethan 1,600 years ago in a text titled “Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up One’s Sleeve. Thedirections were to soak one bunch of wormwood in water and then drink the juice.
屠呦呦接受《新科學家》采訪時說，她重讀了1600多年前的醫藥典籍《肘后備急方》提到的特殊處方。書中提到將青蒿浸泡在水中，然后喝下青蒿汁。
But Dr. Tu said she realized that her method of preparation — boiling the wormwood —probably damaged the active ingredient. So she made another preparation using an ether-based solvent, which boils at 35 degrees Celsius, or 95 degrees Fahrenheit. When tested onmice and monkeys, she said, it proved 100 percent effective.
但屠呦呦說，她認識到自己的制取方法——煮青蒿——可能破壞了有效成分。因此，她利用以乙醚為基礎的溶劑進行制取，這種溶劑的沸點為35攝氏度或95華氏度。她表示，對小鼠和猴子的試驗顯示100%有效。
After the successful animal tests, Dr. Tu volunteered to be the first human subject, along withtwo colleagues. Satisfied that she had suffered no ill effects, she conducted clinical trials withpatients.
動物試驗取得成功后，屠呦呦和兩名同事自愿成為第一批接受人體試驗的人員。藥物沒有出現副作用，屠呦呦對此感到很滿意，開始對病人進行臨床試驗。
“We had just cured drug-resistant malaria, Dr. Tu told New Scientist. “We were very excited.
“我們治愈了抗藥性瘧疾，屠呦呦告訴《新科學家》。“我們非常激動。
Ten years after Mao founded Project 523, her work was published, though anonymously.
在毛澤東設立523項目10年之后，屠呦呦的成果得以發表，盡管是以匿名的形式。
Western aid agencies did not take advantage of artemisinin for decades, even after itseffectiveness was established. Older drugs were cheaper, but resistance to them was growingand some experts said the delay endangered lives.
西方援助機構數十年來沒有使用青蒿素，即便在其有效性得到確認后也沒有使用。老藥比較便宜，但對它們的抗藥性越來越強，一些專家認為，這種拖延危及生命。
The Nobel is not the first recognition for Dr. Tu’s work. In 2011, when she won the $250,000Lasker Award for clinical medical research, which named her the discoverer of artemisinin, someChinese and Western malaria experts protested.
諾貝爾獎并非屠呦呦的工作得到的第一個認可。2011年，屠呦呦獲得拉斯克獎臨床醫學研究獎(LaskerAward)，被授予25萬美元獎金以表彰她發現青蒿素，當時一些中國及西方的瘧疾專家提出了抗議。
Dr. Nicholas J. White, a prominent malaria researcher at Oxford, said that others involved inthe research equally deserved the honor. He suggested that the clinical trial leader, Dr. LiGuoqiao, and a chemist, Li Ying, had contributed just as much. A malaria researcher from HongKong, Dr. Keith Arnold, agreed.
牛津大學著名的瘧疾研究員尼古拉斯·J·懷特(Nicholas J. White)博士說，其他參與研究的人員同樣應該獲獎。他表示，臨床試驗負責人李國橋、化學家李英做出了同樣多的貢獻。香港的瘧疾研究員基思·阿諾德(KeithArnold)博士同意這一觀點。
But Dr. Tu said in an interview that she had done the decisive work. As the leader of a smallteam within the large Project 523, she was the first to isolate the active ingredient, and theone who had thought of using ether to extract it rather than the boiling method, she said.
但屠呦呦接受采訪時說，她做了決定性的工作。她表示，作為規模龐大的523項目中一個小團隊的負責人，她最先分離了有效成分，并想到通過乙醚提取青蒿素取代煎煮法。
The Lasker citation had noted that the research under Project 523 was collaborative. In 1978,she was singled out to accept an award from the Chinese government to Project 523.
拉斯克獎的頒獎辭指出，523項目的研究工作是通過合作完成的。1978年，屠呦呦被選中接受中國政府授予523項目的獎。
BEIJING — During the upheaval of China’s Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, when many of thecountry’s Western-trained scientists were shunned and persecuted, the government had anurgent scientific problem that needed attention.
北京——在1960年代文化大革命動亂期間，中國很多受過西方教育的科學家都遭到了冷落和迫害，而政府面臨著一個緊迫的科學問題需要解決。
North Vietnam, an important ally that was in the middle of war with the United States, hadasked for a way to reduce the deaths of its soldiers from malaria, which had become resistantto the drug chloroquine. Malaria was also killing large numbers of people in southern China.
中國的重要盟友北越當時正在與美國作戰，因為瘧疾逐漸對氯喹藥物有了抗藥性，他們希望中國幫助減少北越士兵的瘧疾死亡率。而且當時瘧疾也在中國南方肆虐，奪去了很多人的生命。
Mao Zedong set up a secret military project, Project 523 — named after its starting date, May23, 1967 — to find a solution. But China’s top expert in the field of malaria research, likelegions of other Chinese in this time of high political turmoil, had been labeled a “rightist andshunted aside.
為了尋找解決方案，毛澤東成立了一個秘密軍事項目，稱為523項目，這個名字來自于它的啟動日期1967年5月23日。但是，就像動亂期間的其他很多中國人一樣，瘧疾研究領域的頂級專家也已經作為“右派靠邊站了。
After making little headway on the problem, the government turned to the Academy ofTraditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing, and to a little-known scientist, Tu Youyou, who hadstudied both Western and Chinese medicine — and who found the solution in traditionalChinese healing.
項目沒有取得什么進展，于是政府找到了北京的中國中醫研究院以及一位名不見經傳的科學家屠呦呦。結果，對西醫和中醫均有過研究的屠呦呦從中國傳統醫學中找到了解決方案。
Dr. Tu, 84, on Monday became the first citizen of the People’s Republic of China to win a NobelPrize in the sciences, for discovering artemisinin, a drug that is now part of standard antimalarialregimens. She shared the Nobel for medicine or physiology with two scientists who alsodeveloped antiparasitic drugs.
本周一，現年84歲的屠呦呦成為第一位獲得諾貝爾獎科學獎項的中國公民。她發現的青蒿素現在已經是標準的抗瘧治療方案的一部分。屠呦呦與其他兩名研制抗寄生蟲藥的科學家一起，分享了今年的諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。
Dr. Tu, through the Institute of Chinese Materia Medica at the Academy of Chinese MedicalSciences where she works, issued a statement about the value of artemisinin and traditionalChinese medicine.
屠呦呦通過她所在的中國中醫科學院中藥研究所，發表了一份關于青蒿素與傳統中醫藥價值的獲獎感言。
“Artemisinin is a gift for the world’s people from traditional Chinese medicine, the statementsaid.
“青蒿素是傳統中醫藥送給世界人民的禮物，聲明說。
Four Chinese scientists born in Chinese mainland have been awarded the Nobel in physics, butonly after making their careers in the West. The Chinese government has long wanted a Nobelin the sciences for the sake of prestige and as a confirmation of the quality of its educationsystem.
之前已經有四名出生在中國大陸的華裔科學家獲得過諾貝爾物理學獎，但都是他們在西方開創事業之后。中國政府一直希望本土有人獲得諾貝爾科學獎，認為這可以提升其聲譽，是對其教育體系質量的認可。
The Chinese government and state-run news media celebrated Dr. Tu’s prize as anacknowledgment of the rising strength of Chinese science as well as a vindication of the valueof traditional Chinese medicine. But some scientists and commentators also said that untilnow, China’s scientific establishment had treated Dr. Tu somewhat dismissively.
中國政府和官方資訊媒體慶祝屠呦呦獲得了諾貝爾獎，認為這體現了中國科研實力的提升，也證明了中國傳統醫學的價值。但是一些科學家和評論人士也表示，迄今為止，中國科研體制對屠呦呦的態度一直很冷淡。
Prime Minister Li Keqiang said that Dr. Tu’s Nobel “was an expression of the prosperity andprogress of Chinese science, and of the huge contribution that Chinese traditional medicineand pharmacy has made to the health of humankind.
李克強總理說，屠呦呦獲得諾貝爾獎“是中國科技繁榮進步的體現，是中醫藥對人類健康事業作出巨大貢獻的體現。
But Dr. Tu had been denied a place as an academician in China’s highest honorary body forscientists, apparently because of her lack of foreign training and a doctoral degree, othercommentators noted.
不過也有評論人士指出，屠呦呦之所以未能成為中國科學家最高榮譽機構的院士，顯然是因為她缺乏外國教育背景，也沒有博士學位。
“I think that Tu Youyou’s prize should lead to deeper reflection about China’s scientificefforts, Wang Yuanfeng, a professor in Beijing said in an online commentary. “There are manyproblems in the institutions and mechanisms of scientific work in China.
“我覺得借由屠呦呦的獲獎，還應該對中國的科技工作做更深的思考!北京的教授王元豐在網上評論說。“中國科技工作的體制和機制還存在不少問題。
At the start of her research for Project 523, Dr. Tu, then 39, was sent to Hainan Island, in thesouthernmost region of China, to see how the disease was affecting the population. Herhusband had been purged during the Cultural Revolution, and she put her 4-year-old daughterinto a nursery. Her visit to Hainan was the start of a decade of work, she told New Scientist inan interview in 2011.
在參與523項目之初，當時39歲的屠呦呦被派到中國最南端的海南島，親眼看到了這種疾病給當地居民帶來的痛苦。她的丈夫在文革期間遭到迫害，她把4歲的女兒送到了托兒所。在2011年接受《新科學家》(NewScientist)采訪時，她說那次海南之行是歷時10年的工作的開始。
She visited traditional medical practitioners across China, and from those conversations,compiled a notebook, “A Collection of Single Practical Prescriptions for Anti-Malaria. Among2,000 traditional Chinese recipes, she said, one compound was found to be effective: sweetwormwood, or Artemisia annua, which was used for “intermittent fevers, a hallmark ofmalaria.
她走訪了中國各地的傳統醫藥從業者，并整理了談話記錄，編寫了《抗瘧單驗方集》。她說，在2000多個藥方中，他們發現有一味藥在抑制瘧疾的標志癥狀“間歇熱時很有效，那就是青蒿。
In the interview, Dr. Tu told New Scientist that she reread a particular recipe, written morethan 1,600 years ago in a text titled “Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up One’s Sleeve. Thedirections were to soak one bunch of wormwood in water and then drink the juice.
屠呦呦接受《新科學家》采訪時說，她重讀了1600多年前的醫藥典籍《肘后備急方》提到的特殊處方。書中提到將青蒿浸泡在水中，然后喝下青蒿汁。
But Dr. Tu said she realized that her method of preparation — boiling the wormwood —probably damaged the active ingredient. So she made another preparation using an ether-based solvent, which boils at 35 degrees Celsius, or 95 degrees Fahrenheit. When tested onmice and monkeys, she said, it proved 100 percent effective.
但屠呦呦說，她認識到自己的制取方法——煮青蒿——可能破壞了有效成分。因此，她利用以乙醚為基礎的溶劑進行制取，這種溶劑的沸點為35攝氏度或95華氏度。她表示，對小鼠和猴子的試驗顯示100%有效。
After the successful animal tests, Dr. Tu volunteered to be the first human subject, along withtwo colleagues. Satisfied that she had suffered no ill effects, she conducted clinical trials withpatients.
動物試驗取得成功后，屠呦呦和兩名同事自愿成為第一批接受人體試驗的人員。藥物沒有出現副作用，屠呦呦對此感到很滿意，開始對病人進行臨床試驗。
“We had just cured drug-resistant malaria, Dr. Tu told New Scientist. “We were very excited.
“我們治愈了抗藥性瘧疾，屠呦呦告訴《新科學家》。“我們非常激動。
Ten years after Mao founded Project 523, her work was published, though anonymously.
在毛澤東設立523項目10年之后，屠呦呦的成果得以發表，盡管是以匿名的形式。
Western aid agencies did not take advantage of artemisinin for decades, even after itseffectiveness was established. Older drugs were cheaper, but resistance to them was growingand some experts said the delay endangered lives.
西方援助機構數十年來沒有使用青蒿素，即便在其有效性得到確認后也沒有使用。老藥比較便宜，但對它們的抗藥性越來越強，一些專家認為，這種拖延危及生命。
The Nobel is not the first recognition for Dr. Tu’s work. In 2011, when she won the $250,000Lasker Award for clinical medical research, which named her the discoverer of artemisinin, someChinese and Western malaria experts protested.
諾貝爾獎并非屠呦呦的工作得到的第一個認可。2011年，屠呦呦獲得拉斯克獎臨床醫學研究獎(LaskerAward)，被授予25萬美元獎金以表彰她發現青蒿素，當時一些中國及西方的瘧疾專家提出了抗議。
Dr. Nicholas J. White, a prominent malaria researcher at Oxford, said that others involved inthe research equally deserved the honor. He suggested that the clinical trial leader, Dr. LiGuoqiao, and a chemist, Li Ying, had contributed just as much. A malaria researcher from HongKong, Dr. Keith Arnold, agreed.
牛津大學著名的瘧疾研究員尼古拉斯·J·懷特(Nicholas J. White)博士說，其他參與研究的人員同樣應該獲獎。他表示，臨床試驗負責人李國橋、化學家李英做出了同樣多的貢獻。香港的瘧疾研究員基思·阿諾德(KeithArnold)博士同意這一觀點。
But Dr. Tu said in an interview that she had done the decisive work. As the leader of a smallteam within the large Project 523, she was the first to isolate the active ingredient, and theone who had thought of using ether to extract it rather than the boiling method, she said.
但屠呦呦接受采訪時說，她做了決定性的工作。她表示，作為規模龐大的523項目中一個小團隊的負責人，她最先分離了有效成分，并想到通過乙醚提取青蒿素取代煎煮法。
The Lasker citation had noted that the research under Project 523 was collaborative. In 1978,she was singled out to accept an award from the Chinese government to Project 523.
拉斯克獎的頒獎辭指出，523項目的研究工作是通過合作完成的。1978年，屠呦呦被選中接受中國政府授予523項目的獎。
