2024屆高考英語(課標全國)一輪復習課件:語法突破 第4講
2.從屬連詞 狀語從句
時間連詞 after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,while,as soon as,whenever,the moment,the first time 地點連詞 where,wherever 方式連詞 as,as if,as though 原因連詞 considering(that),now(that),because,since,as,seeing that 狀語從句 結果連詞 so that,so...that,such...that,in such a way that,with the result that 目的連詞 so that,in order that,in case(that),lest(that),for fear that 條件連詞 if,unless,as(so)long as,on condition(that),supposing(that),provided/providing(that) 讓步連詞 though,although,even if/even though,no matter...,however,whatever,while 比較連詞 as,than,as...as...,not so...as,when,while 1.
when,while,as作連詞的用法比較 when 當……時候(既可指時間點,也可指時間段) Don’t get excited when you talk. (正在)……突然 I was about to go out when it rained. 既然,盡管,雖然(常放在句中) How can he get the promotion when his boss dislikes him? 用在表示“一……就……”的句型中 scarcely/hardly...when... Hardly had I entered my room when the telephone rang. while 當……時候(只指時間段) While we were talking,the teacher came in. 然而,表示對比轉折 He is strong while his brother is weak. 雖然,盡管(常放在句首) While I have sympathy for them,I think they went too far.
as
當……時候 當主句、從句動作同時進行,從句動作的時間概念淡化,而主要表示主句動作發生的背景或條件時,只能用as。這時,as常表示“隨著……;一邊……,一邊……”之意 As years go by,China is getting stronger and richer. The little girls sang as they went. as 盡管,雖然(引導讓步狀語從句,用倒裝語序) Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties. 引導方式狀語從句或比較狀語從句,作“正如/像”解 As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south. He doesn’t speak English as/so fluently as you. 引導原因狀語從句,作“因為,由于”解,與because的用法相近 I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do. 謝謝觀看! 表示關于 about關于(一般情況),on關于(理論,學術) of:a long story of adventure一個長篇冒險故事 此外還有:concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。 表示比較 as:His face is as black as coal.他的臉跟煤炭一樣黑。 like:He saw a number of small hard things like stones.他看見一些像石頭一樣的小的、堅硬的東西。 表示條件 with:With all his faults,I like him.盡管他有種種缺點,我還是喜歡他。 without:Man cannot live without water.沒有水人就不能活。 表示結果 to:She tore the letter to pieces.她把信撕個粉碎。 表示對于 for:Sea air is good for health.海上的空氣對健康有好處。 to:To her it was all unusual.這一切對她都不平常。 表示讓步 despite,in spite of,regardless of 表示根據 on,according to 特別提醒:當時間名詞前有:this,that,last,next,some,every等限定詞時,通常不用任何介詞。如:last Sunday,next week,every day,this morning等。 易混介詞辨析 一、表示“時間”的介詞 1.at,on,in 介詞 意義 例句 at 表示“在……期間,在……時刻,在……歲時” at 6:00 o’clock在6點鐘;at daybreak在黎明;at noon在中午;at night在夜間;at Christmas在圣誕節期間;at the age of five在五歲時。 on 表示“在具體某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上” on(the morning of)March 18 3月18日(早晨);on Sunday在周日;on Monday afternoon在周一下午。 in 表示“在某世紀、年、季度、月、周以及泛指的上午、下午、晚上” in the 20th century在20世紀;in 1999在1999年;in winter在冬季;in September在9月;in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上。 2.for,during,through,from,since 介詞 意義 例句 for 表示“長達……(時間)”,后接時間段 She has been ill for several days.她已經病了幾天了。 during 表示“在……期間” I went to France for two weeks during the summer.夏天我去了法國兩個星期。 through 表示“一直,自始至終” They worked through the night.他們通宵工作。 from 表示“從……起”,指時間的起點,多用于“from...to/till”結構 You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什么時間來都行。 since 表示“自從……以來”(直到現在) We have known each other since ten years ago.我們十年前就認識了。 特別提醒:for和since都常與完成時連用,但for后接時間段,since后接時間點。如for two hours兩小時;since last week自上周以來。 3.before,by,till/until 介詞 意義及用法 例句 before “在……之前”,與after相對 Please come before ten o’clock.請10點以前來。 by “不遲于,到……為止,在……之前”。by后接過去的時間時,常與過去完成時連用;by后接將來的時間時,常與將來完成時連用 We had learned over 1,000 words by the end of last term.到上學期期末為止,我們已經學了1000多個單詞了。 We will have learned 2,000 English words by the end of this term.到本學期結束之前,我們將學習2000個英語單詞。 till(until) “直到……”。在肯定句中,till/until必須與延續性動詞連用;在否定句中,till/until常與非延續性動詞連用 You must wait till tomorrow.你必須一直等到明天。 I didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock.直到12點我才上床睡覺。 4.after,in,within 介詞 意義及用法 例句 after “在……之后”。用after時有兩種情況:在過去時態中后接時間段;若后跟時間點,常用于將來時態。 My sister came back from America after three years.三年后我姐姐從美國回來了。Tom will leave Beijing after two o’clock this afternoon.今天下午兩點以后,湯姆將離開北京。 in “在……之后”。用in時要具備兩個條件:用于將來時;后接時間段。 I’ll come to see you again in a few days.過幾天我還要來看你。 within 表示“在……之內”。強調事情發生的全過程不超出某一段時間,沒有時態的限制。 I can finish it within an hour.我在一個小時之內就可以把它做完。 二、表示“地點、方位”的介詞 1.at,on,to,in 介詞 用法 例句 at 其后一般接小地方。接地名時,常將此地視為空間的一點 Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi,Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.廣東在廣西的東南方向,福建在江蘇南邊,它們都位于中國。 on 表示兩地接壤 to 表示兩地不接壤 in 其后一般接大地方或表示在某個范圍之內 2.
on,over,above 介詞 用法 例句 on 表示“在……之上”,強調兩個物體相接觸,反義詞是beneath There is a glass on the table,a map of the world on the wall,and a clock above this map.桌子上有一只玻璃杯,墻上有一幅世界地圖,這幅地圖的上方有一個鐘表。 above 僅表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,反義詞是below over 表示“在某物的正上方”,反義詞是under There was a lamp hanging over the desk.書桌上方吊著一盞燈。 3.along,through,across 介詞 用法 例句 along 表示“沿著”某一路徑行進 I saw them running together along the road yesterday.昨天我看見他們沿著馬路一起跑。 through 意為“穿過”,表示從內部空間通過 hey walked across the square,and then through the dark forest.他們走過廣場,然后穿過陰暗的森林。 across 表示“橫穿”,強調從某一物體的表面通過 三、besides;except;except for;apart from;but;other than;in addtion to的區別 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 besides “除了……之外(還有)”(including),除去的部分也包括在整體之內 There are three more visitors besides me.除我之外,還有三位訪客。 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 except “除了……之外”(not includig),表示在整體中除去一部分,除去的部分不包括在整體之內。后面可接反身代詞、副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句,也可接(省略to的)動詞不定式、動名詞、基數詞,還可接that或wh-從句 You can take any of the cakes except this one.除了這塊蛋糕外,你可以拿走這些蛋糕中的任何一塊。 except for “除了……之外”,指的是總體上加以肯定,而細節處指出毛病、缺陷等 The roads were empty except for a few cars.除了幾輛小汽車之外,馬路上空蕩蕩的。 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 apart from 具有多重意義,既可代替besides,也可代替except或except for Apart from(=Except for)the kitchen,the house is very nice.這所房子除了廚房外,哪兒都好。 but “除去……之外”(=except),表示排除,多與不定代詞等連用 He works every day but Sunday.除星期天外,他每天都工作。 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 other than “除了……”,“除了……之外……”,相當于but There is nobody here other than him.除了他之外這里沒有人。 in addition
to “除……以外還有”,相當于besides He speaks French in addtion to English.除了英語外,他也會說法語。 特別提醒: 1.用于否定句時,besides,except與but可相互替換。如: No other students passed the difficult maths exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong. 除林濤、吳東外沒有別的學生通過那么難的數學考試。 2.except和but/other than都可接名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞原形,可以互換;但except后接副詞、介詞短語、when從句等時,but/other than不可替換except。如: He has always been in high spirits except recently. 除近來外,他總是精神飽滿。(副詞) The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏季外,這扇窗戶從不打開。(介詞短語) He has always been busy except when it is Sunday. 除星期日外,他總是很忙。(when從句) 3.but,except后都可接that從句作賓語;but,except可以互換。如: I asked nothing from him but/except that he should write to me every other week. 我只要求他每兩周給我寫一封信。 四、介詞習慣用法 1.because of,owing to,due to,on account of,thanks to表示原因 這五個短語都有“由于,因為”的意思,都是介詞短語,因此后面不可接從句。 (1)because of意為“由于,因為”,強調因果關系,在句中僅作狀語,修飾句中的一部分,與其他成分不用逗號隔開。 (2)owing to與because of一樣,也強調因果關系,作狀語修飾整個句子,可放在句首或句末,用逗號隔開。 They decided to postpone the trip,owing to the change of the weather.由于天氣變化,他們決定延期啟程。
(3)due to引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表語、狀語和定語。 作狀語時與owing to同義,且一般不與其他成分隔開。不放于句首。 The team’s success was largely due to her efforts. 該隊的成功很大程度上是由于她的努力。
(4)on account of與because of,owing to同義,但語氣較為正式。可作狀語、表語,但不作定語。 That was on account of lack of exercise. 那是由于缺乏鍛煉。 (5)thanks to只能用作狀語,可以表示正面意思“幸虧”,也可用于諷刺口吻中(近于諷刺口吻的“感謝”)。 The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast. 由于全體演員的出色表演,那出戲才獲得成功。 Thanks to the bad weather,the match had been cancelled. 多虧這倒霉天氣,挺好的比賽取消了。 2.of+抽象名詞=形容詞 of+great/much+抽象名詞=very+形容詞;of+no+抽象名詞=not+形容詞。 It is of great/much value.=It is very valuable. 它很有價值。 The camel is of great help to the Arab.=The camel is very
helpful to the Arab. 駱駝對阿拉伯人很有幫助。 It is of no use.=It is not useful.=It is useless.它沒用。 He is twenty years of age.=He is twenty years old. 他二十歲。 This matter is of much importance.=This matter is very important.這件事非常重要。 3.to與情感名詞連用,表示“某種行動后產生的感覺” 這種表達法表示結果,用作狀語,位置前、中、后皆可。為了強調,可在前面加much,意為“使某人……的是”。 Much to my surprise,he left without a word. 使我非常吃驚的是,他沒說一句話就離開了。
4.with的用法 with在英語中用法較多,因此成為高考熱點并不稀奇。其主要用法如下: (1)表示“和……在一起”“由……陪同”或“有……在場”。 You cannot see Mr Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager. 你此刻見不到約翰遜先生,因為他和經理在一起。
(2)表示兩種事物之間的相應關系或齊頭并進的意思。 With time passing,they have grown into big boys and big girls.隨著時間的流逝,他們都長成小伙子和大姑娘了。 Temperatures vary with the time of the year. 溫度隨著時令而變化。 (3)表示“帶有,帶來,攜帶”等,表伴隨。 The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee. 服務員端著一杯咖啡來了。
(4)引導一個表示方式狀語的附加語。 He looked at me with a frown.他皺著眉頭看著我。 It is very stuffy in the room,with all the windows closed. 由于所有的窗戶都關著,房間里非常悶。 同樣的用法有:with a sneer“嘲笑地”;with a sigh“唉聲嘆氣地”;with a sob“抽噎地”;with a laugh“哈哈一笑,大笑著”。
(5)表示原因或理由。 She was shivering with cold.她凍得發抖。 The child trembled with fear.那個小孩嚇得打哆嗦。 5.in+名詞 He’s been in politics all his life.他一生從政。 Her husband was in business.她丈夫是經商的。 in high/poor/bad spirits“情緒高漲/低落”;in tears“熱淚盈眶”;in fear“在恐懼中”;in danger“在危險中”;in peace“和平相處”;in safety“很安全”;in need“需要”;in good order“很整齊”;in silence“靜靜地”;in good health“身體好”;in a fever“在發燒”;in public“在公共場所”;in doubt“有疑問”;in print“在印刷”。 有些結構可能帶有冠詞: in the course of在……過程中in the act of正在做……時 6.on+名詞 Are you here on business or for pleasure? 你是來辦事還是來玩? The typist is away on holiday this week.打字員本周休假。 The man on watch didn’t notice the danger. 值班的人沒有注意到這危險。 on hire受雇on holiday度假 on guard在值勤on leave在休假 on strike在罷工on sale出售 on board乘飛機on earth究竟,到底 on loan借貸on duty值班 on foot步行 有些結構可能帶有冠詞: on the march在行軍 on the watch注意,提防 on the increase正在增加 on the go十分活躍,非常忙碌 on the air正在廣播 7.at+名詞 He was at dinner when I came.我來時他正在吃飯。 She stayed at work when everybody else had gone home. 別人都回家了,她卻還在工作。 at dawn“拂曉”;at daybreak“拂曉”;at sunset/sundown“日落時”;at noon“中午”;at dusk“黃昏”;at night“夜晚”;at home“在家”;at table“在用餐”;at school“在上學”;at college“在上大學”;at risk“有危險,冒風險”;at last“最后”;at rest“靜止不動”。 有些結構可能帶有冠詞或物主代詞: at one’s meals在吃飯 at one’s study在學習 at the piano在彈鋼琴 at the desk在讀書
連 詞 1.如果句子包含兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結構,就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一個并列連詞來連接;有時也可不用連詞,而用一個分號分開。根據分句之間的關系,并列句分為四類: 關系 連詞 典句示例 并列 and,not only...but also,neither...nor...,as well as Their car broke down halfway and they had to stay in a small inn for the night. 選擇 or,either...or...,otherwise,or else Either you are mad,or I am. 轉折 but,yet,however,while,when Mary is a nice girl,but she has one shortcoming. 因果 for,so,thus,therefore Someone is coming,for the dog is barking. 第四講
介詞與連詞 介詞和連詞雖然都屬虛詞,但在英語學習中卻非常重要,也是每年高考的必考項目。高考主要考查介詞在具體語境中的應用,介詞與其他詞性的搭配辨析,介詞和連詞的一些習慣用法和固定搭配等。 1.從介詞本身的結構來看,介詞可以分成五個種類 簡單介詞 at,about,across,after,against,among,around,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,like,near,of,off,on,past,under,until,up,with,since 復合介詞
as for至于,as to關于,out of從,出自,into進入,onto到……上面,without沒有,but for要不是 二重介詞 from under從……的下面,from behind從……的后面,until after直到……之后,from among從……當中 短語介詞 according to根據,ahead of在……前面,apart from除……之外,because of由于,by means of依靠,by way of作為……,經由…… 分詞介詞 concerning,including,regarding 2.從介詞本身的意義來看,介詞可以分以下幾個種類 表示時間 about,around,before,by,at,after,in,on,between,during,for,from,since,till,until,within 表示地點 about,at,in,on,over,through,across,along,around,before,between,beyond,down,up,to,toward,under,near 表示方式 by bus乘公共汽車,see with one’s own eyes親眼看,write in ink用墨水寫,on foot步行 表示原因 for:He was punished for stealing.他因偷竊而被懲罰。 from:She felt sick from tiredness.她累病了。 of:be ashamed of因……而感到羞愧 with:shake with cold因寒冷而發抖 because of,due to,thanks to,owing to,on account of to+one’s+=to the=of sb.
2.從屬連詞 狀語從句
時間連詞 after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,while,as soon as,whenever,the moment,the first time 地點連詞 where,wherever 方式連詞 as,as if,as though 原因連詞 considering(that),now(that),because,since,as,seeing that 狀語從句 結果連詞 so that,so...that,such...that,in such a way that,with the result that 目的連詞 so that,in order that,in case(that),lest(that),for fear that 條件連詞 if,unless,as(so)long as,on condition(that),supposing(that),provided/providing(that) 讓步連詞 though,although,even if/even though,no matter...,however,whatever,while 比較連詞 as,than,as...as...,not so...as,when,while 1.
when,while,as作連詞的用法比較 when 當……時候(既可指時間點,也可指時間段) Don’t get excited when you talk. (正在)……突然 I was about to go out when it rained. 既然,盡管,雖然(常放在句中) How can he get the promotion when his boss dislikes him? 用在表示“一……就……”的句型中 scarcely/hardly...when... Hardly had I entered my room when the telephone rang. while 當……時候(只指時間段) While we were talking,the teacher came in. 然而,表示對比轉折 He is strong while his brother is weak. 雖然,盡管(常放在句首) While I have sympathy for them,I think they went too far.
as
當……時候 當主句、從句動作同時進行,從句動作的時間概念淡化,而主要表示主句動作發生的背景或條件時,只能用as。這時,as常表示“隨著……;一邊……,一邊……”之意 As years go by,China is getting stronger and richer. The little girls sang as they went. as 盡管,雖然(引導讓步狀語從句,用倒裝語序) Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties. 引導方式狀語從句或比較狀語從句,作“正如/像”解 As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south. He doesn’t speak English as/so fluently as you. 引導原因狀語從句,作“因為,由于”解,與because的用法相近 I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do. 謝謝觀看! 表示關于 about關于(一般情況),on關于(理論,學術) of:a long story of adventure一個長篇冒險故事 此外還有:concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。 表示比較 as:His face is as black as coal.他的臉跟煤炭一樣黑。 like:He saw a number of small hard things like stones.他看見一些像石頭一樣的小的、堅硬的東西。 表示條件 with:With all his faults,I like him.盡管他有種種缺點,我還是喜歡他。 without:Man cannot live without water.沒有水人就不能活。 表示結果 to:She tore the letter to pieces.她把信撕個粉碎。 表示對于 for:Sea air is good for health.海上的空氣對健康有好處。 to:To her it was all unusual.這一切對她都不平常。 表示讓步 despite,in spite of,regardless of 表示根據 on,according to 特別提醒:當時間名詞前有:this,that,last,next,some,every等限定詞時,通常不用任何介詞。如:last Sunday,next week,every day,this morning等。 易混介詞辨析 一、表示“時間”的介詞 1.at,on,in 介詞 意義 例句 at 表示“在……期間,在……時刻,在……歲時” at 6:00 o’clock在6點鐘;at daybreak在黎明;at noon在中午;at night在夜間;at Christmas在圣誕節期間;at the age of five在五歲時。 on 表示“在具體某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上” on(the morning of)March 18 3月18日(早晨);on Sunday在周日;on Monday afternoon在周一下午。 in 表示“在某世紀、年、季度、月、周以及泛指的上午、下午、晚上” in the 20th century在20世紀;in 1999在1999年;in winter在冬季;in September在9月;in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上。 2.for,during,through,from,since 介詞 意義 例句 for 表示“長達……(時間)”,后接時間段 She has been ill for several days.她已經病了幾天了。 during 表示“在……期間” I went to France for two weeks during the summer.夏天我去了法國兩個星期。 through 表示“一直,自始至終” They worked through the night.他們通宵工作。 from 表示“從……起”,指時間的起點,多用于“from...to/till”結構 You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什么時間來都行。 since 表示“自從……以來”(直到現在) We have known each other since ten years ago.我們十年前就認識了。 特別提醒:for和since都常與完成時連用,但for后接時間段,since后接時間點。如for two hours兩小時;since last week自上周以來。 3.before,by,till/until 介詞 意義及用法 例句 before “在……之前”,與after相對 Please come before ten o’clock.請10點以前來。 by “不遲于,到……為止,在……之前”。by后接過去的時間時,常與過去完成時連用;by后接將來的時間時,常與將來完成時連用 We had learned over 1,000 words by the end of last term.到上學期期末為止,我們已經學了1000多個單詞了。 We will have learned 2,000 English words by the end of this term.到本學期結束之前,我們將學習2000個英語單詞。 till(until) “直到……”。在肯定句中,till/until必須與延續性動詞連用;在否定句中,till/until常與非延續性動詞連用 You must wait till tomorrow.你必須一直等到明天。 I didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock.直到12點我才上床睡覺。 4.after,in,within 介詞 意義及用法 例句 after “在……之后”。用after時有兩種情況:在過去時態中后接時間段;若后跟時間點,常用于將來時態。 My sister came back from America after three years.三年后我姐姐從美國回來了。Tom will leave Beijing after two o’clock this afternoon.今天下午兩點以后,湯姆將離開北京。 in “在……之后”。用in時要具備兩個條件:用于將來時;后接時間段。 I’ll come to see you again in a few days.過幾天我還要來看你。 within 表示“在……之內”。強調事情發生的全過程不超出某一段時間,沒有時態的限制。 I can finish it within an hour.我在一個小時之內就可以把它做完。 二、表示“地點、方位”的介詞 1.at,on,to,in 介詞 用法 例句 at 其后一般接小地方。接地名時,常將此地視為空間的一點 Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi,Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.廣東在廣西的東南方向,福建在江蘇南邊,它們都位于中國。 on 表示兩地接壤 to 表示兩地不接壤 in 其后一般接大地方或表示在某個范圍之內 2.
on,over,above 介詞 用法 例句 on 表示“在……之上”,強調兩個物體相接觸,反義詞是beneath There is a glass on the table,a map of the world on the wall,and a clock above this map.桌子上有一只玻璃杯,墻上有一幅世界地圖,這幅地圖的上方有一個鐘表。 above 僅表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,反義詞是below over 表示“在某物的正上方”,反義詞是under There was a lamp hanging over the desk.書桌上方吊著一盞燈。 3.along,through,across 介詞 用法 例句 along 表示“沿著”某一路徑行進 I saw them running together along the road yesterday.昨天我看見他們沿著馬路一起跑。 through 意為“穿過”,表示從內部空間通過 hey walked across the square,and then through the dark forest.他們走過廣場,然后穿過陰暗的森林。 across 表示“橫穿”,強調從某一物體的表面通過 三、besides;except;except for;apart from;but;other than;in addtion to的區別 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 besides “除了……之外(還有)”(including),除去的部分也包括在整體之內 There are three more visitors besides me.除我之外,還有三位訪客。 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 except “除了……之外”(not includig),表示在整體中除去一部分,除去的部分不包括在整體之內。后面可接反身代詞、副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句,也可接(省略to的)動詞不定式、動名詞、基數詞,還可接that或wh-從句 You can take any of the cakes except this one.除了這塊蛋糕外,你可以拿走這些蛋糕中的任何一塊。 except for “除了……之外”,指的是總體上加以肯定,而細節處指出毛病、缺陷等 The roads were empty except for a few cars.除了幾輛小汽車之外,馬路上空蕩蕩的。 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 apart from 具有多重意義,既可代替besides,也可代替except或except for Apart from(=Except for)the kitchen,the house is very nice.這所房子除了廚房外,哪兒都好。 but “除去……之外”(=except),表示排除,多與不定代詞等連用 He works every day but Sunday.除星期天外,他每天都工作。 介詞(短語) 用法 例句 other than “除了……”,“除了……之外……”,相當于but There is nobody here other than him.除了他之外這里沒有人。 in addition
to “除……以外還有”,相當于besides He speaks French in addtion to English.除了英語外,他也會說法語。 特別提醒: 1.用于否定句時,besides,except與but可相互替換。如: No other students passed the difficult maths exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong. 除林濤、吳東外沒有別的學生通過那么難的數學考試。 2.except和but/other than都可接名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞原形,可以互換;但except后接副詞、介詞短語、when從句等時,but/other than不可替換except。如: He has always been in high spirits except recently. 除近來外,他總是精神飽滿。(副詞) The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏季外,這扇窗戶從不打開。(介詞短語) He has always been busy except when it is Sunday. 除星期日外,他總是很忙。(when從句) 3.but,except后都可接that從句作賓語;but,except可以互換。如: I asked nothing from him but/except that he should write to me every other week. 我只要求他每兩周給我寫一封信。 四、介詞習慣用法 1.because of,owing to,due to,on account of,thanks to表示原因 這五個短語都有“由于,因為”的意思,都是介詞短語,因此后面不可接從句。 (1)because of意為“由于,因為”,強調因果關系,在句中僅作狀語,修飾句中的一部分,與其他成分不用逗號隔開。 (2)owing to與because of一樣,也強調因果關系,作狀語修飾整個句子,可放在句首或句末,用逗號隔開。 They decided to postpone the trip,owing to the change of the weather.由于天氣變化,他們決定延期啟程。
(3)due to引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表語、狀語和定語。 作狀語時與owing to同義,且一般不與其他成分隔開。不放于句首。 The team’s success was largely due to her efforts. 該隊的成功很大程度上是由于她的努力。
(4)on account of與because of,owing to同義,但語氣較為正式。可作狀語、表語,但不作定語。 That was on account of lack of exercise. 那是由于缺乏鍛煉。 (5)thanks to只能用作狀語,可以表示正面意思“幸虧”,也可用于諷刺口吻中(近于諷刺口吻的“感謝”)。 The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast. 由于全體演員的出色表演,那出戲才獲得成功。 Thanks to the bad weather,the match had been cancelled. 多虧這倒霉天氣,挺好的比賽取消了。 2.of+抽象名詞=形容詞 of+great/much+抽象名詞=very+形容詞;of+no+抽象名詞=not+形容詞。 It is of great/much value.=It is very valuable. 它很有價值。 The camel is of great help to the Arab.=The camel is very
helpful to the Arab. 駱駝對阿拉伯人很有幫助。 It is of no use.=It is not useful.=It is useless.它沒用。 He is twenty years of age.=He is twenty years old. 他二十歲。 This matter is of much importance.=This matter is very important.這件事非常重要。 3.to與情感名詞連用,表示“某種行動后產生的感覺” 這種表達法表示結果,用作狀語,位置前、中、后皆可。為了強調,可在前面加much,意為“使某人……的是”。 Much to my surprise,he left without a word. 使我非常吃驚的是,他沒說一句話就離開了。
4.with的用法 with在英語中用法較多,因此成為高考熱點并不稀奇。其主要用法如下: (1)表示“和……在一起”“由……陪同”或“有……在場”。 You cannot see Mr Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager. 你此刻見不到約翰遜先生,因為他和經理在一起。
(2)表示兩種事物之間的相應關系或齊頭并進的意思。 With time passing,they have grown into big boys and big girls.隨著時間的流逝,他們都長成小伙子和大姑娘了。 Temperatures vary with the time of the year. 溫度隨著時令而變化。 (3)表示“帶有,帶來,攜帶”等,表伴隨。 The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee. 服務員端著一杯咖啡來了。
(4)引導一個表示方式狀語的附加語。 He looked at me with a frown.他皺著眉頭看著我。 It is very stuffy in the room,with all the windows closed. 由于所有的窗戶都關著,房間里非常悶。 同樣的用法有:with a sneer“嘲笑地”;with a sigh“唉聲嘆氣地”;with a sob“抽噎地”;with a laugh“哈哈一笑,大笑著”。
(5)表示原因或理由。 She was shivering with cold.她凍得發抖。 The child trembled with fear.那個小孩嚇得打哆嗦。 5.in+名詞 He’s been in politics all his life.他一生從政。 Her husband was in business.她丈夫是經商的。 in high/poor/bad spirits“情緒高漲/低落”;in tears“熱淚盈眶”;in fear“在恐懼中”;in danger“在危險中”;in peace“和平相處”;in safety“很安全”;in need“需要”;in good order“很整齊”;in silence“靜靜地”;in good health“身體好”;in a fever“在發燒”;in public“在公共場所”;in doubt“有疑問”;in print“在印刷”。 有些結構可能帶有冠詞: in the course of在……過程中in the act of正在做……時 6.on+名詞 Are you here on business or for pleasure? 你是來辦事還是來玩? The typist is away on holiday this week.打字員本周休假。 The man on watch didn’t notice the danger. 值班的人沒有注意到這危險。 on hire受雇on holiday度假 on guard在值勤on leave在休假 on strike在罷工on sale出售 on board乘飛機on earth究竟,到底 on loan借貸on duty值班 on foot步行 有些結構可能帶有冠詞: on the march在行軍 on the watch注意,提防 on the increase正在增加 on the go十分活躍,非常忙碌 on the air正在廣播 7.at+名詞 He was at dinner when I came.我來時他正在吃飯。 She stayed at work when everybody else had gone home. 別人都回家了,她卻還在工作。 at dawn“拂曉”;at daybreak“拂曉”;at sunset/sundown“日落時”;at noon“中午”;at dusk“黃昏”;at night“夜晚”;at home“在家”;at table“在用餐”;at school“在上學”;at college“在上大學”;at risk“有危險,冒風險”;at last“最后”;at rest“靜止不動”。 有些結構可能帶有冠詞或物主代詞: at one’s meals在吃飯 at one’s study在學習 at the piano在彈鋼琴 at the desk在讀書
連 詞 1.如果句子包含兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結構,就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一個并列連詞來連接;有時也可不用連詞,而用一個分號分開。根據分句之間的關系,并列句分為四類: 關系 連詞 典句示例 并列 and,not only...but also,neither...nor...,as well as Their car broke down halfway and they had to stay in a small inn for the night. 選擇 or,either...or...,otherwise,or else Either you are mad,or I am. 轉折 but,yet,however,while,when Mary is a nice girl,but she has one shortcoming. 因果 for,so,thus,therefore Someone is coming,for the dog is barking. 第四講
介詞與連詞 介詞和連詞雖然都屬虛詞,但在英語學習中卻非常重要,也是每年高考的必考項目。高考主要考查介詞在具體語境中的應用,介詞與其他詞性的搭配辨析,介詞和連詞的一些習慣用法和固定搭配等。 1.從介詞本身的結構來看,介詞可以分成五個種類 簡單介詞 at,about,across,after,against,among,around,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,like,near,of,off,on,past,under,until,up,with,since 復合介詞
as for至于,as to關于,out of從,出自,into進入,onto到……上面,without沒有,but for要不是 二重介詞 from under從……的下面,from behind從……的后面,until after直到……之后,from among從……當中 短語介詞 according to根據,ahead of在……前面,apart from除……之外,because of由于,by means of依靠,by way of作為……,經由…… 分詞介詞 concerning,including,regarding 2.從介詞本身的意義來看,介詞可以分以下幾個種類 表示時間 about,around,before,by,at,after,in,on,between,during,for,from,since,till,until,within 表示地點 about,at,in,on,over,through,across,along,around,before,between,beyond,down,up,to,toward,under,near 表示方式 by bus乘公共汽車,see with one’s own eyes親眼看,write in ink用墨水寫,on foot步行 表示原因 for:He was punished for stealing.他因偷竊而被懲罰。 from:She felt sick from tiredness.她累病了。 of:be ashamed of因……而感到羞愧 with:shake with cold因寒冷而發抖 because of,due to,thanks to,owing to,on account of to+one’s+=to the=of sb.