為什么寫字樓里的空調(diào)歧視女性
Summers are hot in Omaha, where heat indexes cantop 100 degrees. But Molly Mahannah is prepared.
奧馬哈市的夏天非常熱，其酷熱指數(shù)最高可以達(dá)到華氏100度(約合攝氏37.8度)。但莫莉·馬哈納(MollyMahannah)對(duì)此有所準(zhǔn)備。
At the office, she bundles up in cardigans or an oversized sweatshirt from her file drawer.Then, she says, “I have a huge blanket at my desk that I’ve got myself wrapped in like aburrito. Recently, “I was so cold, I was like ‘I’m just going to sit in my car in like 100-degreeheat for like five minutes, and bake.’
在辦公室里，她會(huì)從文件抽屜里拿出羊毛開衫或者大號(hào)運(yùn)動(dòng)衫，穿在身上。然后說，“我的辦公桌旁還常備著一個(gè)大毯子，可以把自己像做玉米卷餅一樣裹起來。最近，“我覺得特別冷，就會(huì)想，要到自己的車?yán)镒衔宸昼姡抢镉腥A氏100度，可以暖和暖和。
Ms. Mahannah, 24, who wrote on Twitter that at work she felt like an icy White Walker from“Game of Thrones, said a female co-worker at her digital marketing agency cloaked herself insweaters, too. But the men? “They’re in, like, shorts.
24歲的馬哈納在Twitter上說，在辦公室里，她覺得自己像是《權(quán)力的游戲》(Game of Thrones)里冰冷的“白鬼(White Walker)。還說在她所在的數(shù)字營(yíng)銷機(jī)構(gòu)里，一名女性同事也穿上了毛衣。但男人們呢?“他們穿著，短褲之類的。
Right. It happens every summer: Offices turn on the air-conditioning, and women freeze intoPopsicles.
沒錯(cuò)。每年夏天都是如此：辦公室里開著空調(diào)，女人們凍成了冰棒。
Finally, scientists (two men, for the record) are urging an end to the Great Arctic OfficeConspiracy. Their study, published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change, says thatmost office buildings set temperatures based on a decades-old formula that uses themetabolic rates of men. The study concludes that buildings should “reduce gender-discriminating bias in thermal comfort because setting temperatures at slightly warmerlevels can help combat global warming.
終于，科學(xué)家們(特別聲明，是兩位男士)開始呼吁終結(jié)“辦公室北極大陰謀(Great Arctic OfficeConspiracy)。他們周一在《自然·氣候變化》(Nature Climate Change)雜志發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，大多數(shù)寫字樓的溫度設(shè)置，都是基于一種幾十年不曾改變的公式，這一公式是依據(jù)男性的代謝率設(shè)定的。這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)論是，寫字樓應(yīng)該“減少熱舒適度方面的性別歧視，因?yàn)閷⑹覝厮铰晕⑻岣?，有助于?yīng)對(duì)全球變暖問題。
“In a lot of buildings, you see energy consumption is a lot higher because the standard iscalibrated for men’s body heat production, said Boris Kingma, a co-author of the study and abiophysicist at Maastricht University Medical Center in the Netherlands. “If you have a moreaccurate view of the thermal demand of the people inside, then you can design the building sothat you are wasting a lot less energy, and that means the carbon dioxide emission is less.
“在很多寫字樓里，都可以看到能源消耗要高很多，因?yàn)闇囟葮?biāo)準(zhǔn)是依據(jù)男性的身體代謝產(chǎn)熱能力設(shè)定的，這項(xiàng)研究成果的合著者之一、荷蘭馬斯特里赫特大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心(Maastricht University Medical Center)生物物理學(xué)家鮑里斯·金瑪(Boris Kingma)說道。“如果你對(duì)辦公室里人們的保暖需求有更準(zhǔn)確的了解，就能設(shè)計(jì)出能源浪費(fèi)少得多的寫字樓，那也意味著可以降低二氧化碳排放。
The study says most building thermostats follow a “thermal comfort model that was developedin the 1960s, which considers factors like air temperature, air speed, vapor pressure andclothing insulation, using a version of Fanger’s thermal comfort equation.
這項(xiàng)研究顯示，大多數(shù)寫字樓的溫度自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)器都沿用了“1960年代形成的熱舒適度模型，它考慮了氣溫、空氣速率、蒸氣壓、衣服隔熱等因素，使用了范格(Fanger)熱舒適公式的一種版本。
It is converted to a seven-point scale and compared against the Predicted PercentageDissatisfied, a gauge of how many people are likely to feel uncomfortably cool or warm.
它被轉(zhuǎn)換成一種七分制，與預(yù)期不滿意比例(Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied)相對(duì)應(yīng)，后者用以判斷有多少人可能會(huì)感覺冷得不舒服或熱得不舒服。
Seems simple enough.
看起來似乎很簡(jiǎn)單。
But Dr. Kingma and his colleague, Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, write that one variable inthe formula, resting metabolic rate (how fast we generate heat), is based on a 40-year-oldman weighing about 154 pounds.
但金瑪博士和他的同事沃特·凡·馬爾肯·里徹滕貝爾(Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt)寫道，這個(gè)公式中有一個(gè)變量——靜息代謝率——是基于體重約154磅(約合70公斤)的40歲男性的參數(shù)設(shè)定的。
Maybe that man once represented most people in offices. But women now constitute half ofthe work force and usually have slower metabolic rates than men, mostly because they aresmaller and have more body fat, which has lower metabolic rates than muscle. Indeed, thestudy says, the current model “may overestimate resting heat production of women by up to35 percent.
也許這樣一位男士的指數(shù)曾經(jīng)代表了辦公室大多數(shù)人的情況。但如今女性占據(jù)勞動(dòng)力大軍的一半，她們的代謝率往往低于男性，主要因?yàn)樗齻兇蠖啾饶行泽w型小，身體脂肪含量多，而脂肪比肌肉代謝率低。實(shí)際上，這項(xiàng)研究顯示，目前的模型“可能把女性在靜息狀態(tài)的產(chǎn)熱能力高估了35%。
“If women have lower need for cooling it actually means you can save energy, because right nowwe’re just cooling for this male population, said Joost van Hoof, a building physicist at FontysUniversity of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands, who was not involved in the study.
“如果女性制冷需求更低，那實(shí)際上意味著可以節(jié)省能源，因?yàn)槟壳拔覀冎皇窃跒槟行匀巳褐评?，荷蘭方提斯應(yīng)用科技大學(xué)(Fontys University of Applied Sciences)建筑物理學(xué)家約斯特·凡·胡夫(Joost van Hoof)說道。他沒有參與上述研究。
“Many men think that women are just nagging, he said. “But it’s because of their physiology.
“很多男人覺得女人們只是在嘮叨，他說。“但那是她們的身體機(jī)能在起作用。
Physiology and clothing. The authors also note that the model is not always calibratedaccurately for women wearing skirts or sandals.
除了身體機(jī)能，還有著裝習(xí)慣。研究者還指出，目前的模型并不總能準(zhǔn)確地為穿裙子和涼鞋的女士們調(diào)校溫度。
“Many men, they wear suits and ties, and women tend to dress sometimes with cleavage,said Dr. van Hoof, who wrote a commentary about the study. “The cleavage is closer to thecore of the body, so the temperature difference between the air temperature and the bodytemperature there is higher when it’s cold. I wouldn’t overestimate the effect of cleavage,but it’s there.
“很多男士穿西裝打領(lǐng)帶，而女士們則穿著展露乳溝的衣服，凡·胡夫博士說道，他就上述研究撰寫了一則評(píng)論。“乳溝更靠近身體核心，所以周圍溫度低的時(shí)候，那里氣溫和體溫的溫差會(huì)更大。我不想過度夸大乳溝的影響，但它確實(shí)存在。
So for the planet’s sake, men should “stop complaining, Dr. Kingma said. “If it is too warm,the behavior thing you can do is take off a piece of clothing, but you can only do that so much.You could also say let’s keep it a very cold building and women should just wear more clothes.
所以，為了地球環(huán)境考慮，男士們應(yīng)該“停止抱怨，金瑪博士說。“如果覺得辦公室太熱，可以脫一件衣服，但你只能做到這種程度。你也可能會(huì)說，我們還是繼續(xù)把辦公室調(diào)得冷一些吧，女人們應(yīng)該多穿些衣服。
But his study offers another solution: Change the formula.
但他的研究提供了另一種解決方案：改變調(diào)節(jié)溫度的公式。
The researchers tested 16 women, students in their 20s, doing seated work wearing lightclothes in rooms called respiration chambers, which track oxygen inhaled and carbon dioxideexhaled. Skin temperature was measured on hands, the abdomen and elsewhere. Athermometer pill the women swallowed reported internal body temperature.
研究人員對(duì)16名女性進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。她們都是20多歲的學(xué)生，穿著輕薄的衣服，坐在可以跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)吸入的氧氣和呼出的二氧化碳濃度的房間內(nèi)，這種房間名為“呼吸室。她們一邊坐著工作，一邊有儀器監(jiān)測(cè)她們手部、腹部和其他部位的體溫，還有一種口服體溫藥丸用來測(cè)量她們體內(nèi)的溫度。
Researchers found the women’s average metabolic rate was 20 to 32 percent lower than ratesin the standard chart used to set building temperature. So they propose adjusting the modelto include actual metabolic rates of women and men, plus factors like body tissue insulation,not just clothing. For example, people who weigh more get warmer faster, and older peoplehave slower metabolic rates, the study reported.
研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，女性的平均代謝率比用來設(shè)定寫字樓溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的代謝率低20%到32%。所以他們建議對(duì)現(xiàn)有溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整，既考慮到女性和男性的實(shí)際代謝率，也考慮身體組織絕熱等其他因素，而不僅僅是服裝因素。比如，研究報(bào)告提示，體重較重的人更容易感到熱，年齡更大的人代謝率更低。
How much warmer an office would become would vary, of course, but the study cites researchfinding as much as a five-degree difference in women and men’s preferences. Dr. Kingma said awoman might prefer a 75-degree room, while a man might prefer about 70 degrees, which Dr.Kingma said is a common current office temperature.
當(dāng)然，辦公室究竟應(yīng)該提高多少溫度應(yīng)該視具體情況而變化，但這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果顯示，女性和男性偏好的溫度會(huì)相差五度。金瑪博士表示，女性可能希望室內(nèi)溫度達(dá)到華氏75度，而男性可能傾向于設(shè)在70度左右，金瑪教授表示，華氏70度的室溫設(shè)定目前在辦公場(chǎng)所比較常見。
Some experts doubt the proposed formula would be easily adopted.
有些專家懷疑新提議的溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)能否被很好地采納。
Khee Poh Lam, an architecture professor at Carnegie Mellon, said even if the industry accepted achange to the longstanding model, buildings often house different businesses or “squeezemore people in than they were designed for and partition offices so thermostats and ventsare in different rooms. Given these improvisations, he added, “whether this actually affectsenergy, I think that’s a big leap.
卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué)(Carnegie Mellon)建筑學(xué)教授林棋波(Khee Poh Lam)表示，即便業(yè)界愿意改變這個(gè)長(zhǎng)期存在的模型，每棟寫字樓里都容納著不同的企業(yè)，而且一些樓宇里“擠的人比原先設(shè)計(jì)的要多，此外，辦公室也會(huì)分隔空間，導(dǎo)致恒溫器和通風(fēng)管道被隔在了不同的房間里。他接著說，考慮到這些具體情況，“這一舉措要真正對(duì)能源消耗產(chǎn)生影響，我覺得難度不小。
Still, he said, “we need to keep pushing for improvements because “the phenomenon ofwomen getting cold is very, very obvious, and cold or hot employees are less productive.
不過，他也說，“我們需要持續(xù)推動(dòng)這些改善措施，因?yàn)?ldquo;辦公室里女性感到冷是非常非常普遍的事，而如果感覺太冷或太熱，員工的工作效率會(huì)比較低。
Individualized temperature controls are the eventual answer, said Dr. Lam, who helped designa “personal environmental module in the 1990s that was deemed too expensive forcommercial development. Now others are developing systems to let workers make theircubicles warmer or cooler.
林教授表示，個(gè)性化的溫度控制才是最終的解決之道。1990年代，他曾幫助設(shè)計(jì)了一種“個(gè)人環(huán)境模塊，但人們覺得它成本過高，不適合進(jìn)行商業(yè)開發(fā)?，F(xiàn)在，已經(jīng)有其他人在開發(fā)可以讓員工把自己工位的溫度調(diào)高或調(diào)低的系統(tǒng)了。
Kimberly Mark, 31, would appreciate that. This summer, at a software company in Natick,Mass., she and female colleagues are using space heaters. The thermostat is in the office of“the guy next to me, she said, “and I’m the only woman in the offices that he controls.
31歲的金伯莉·馬克(Kimberly Mark)非常期待這種設(shè)備出現(xiàn)。她是馬薩諸塞州納蒂克一家軟件公司的員工，這個(gè)夏天，她和女性同事在使用小型取暖設(shè)備保暖。她說，恒溫器在“我旁邊那個(gè)家伙的辦公室里，“而我是他控制溫度的這個(gè)辦公室里，唯一的女性。
Phoebe McPherson, 21, said she sometimes wears thick leggings, a long-sleeve shirt, asweatshirt and motorcycle boots to work at a health technology startup in Reston, Va. Sheoften adds a tartan blanket, wraps “a blanket around my legs, and despite the glaringfashion faux pas, wears a Snuggie backward to seal off any openings.
21歲的菲比·麥克弗森(Phoebe McPherson)供職于弗吉尼亞州雷斯頓的一家健康科技創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。她說自己有時(shí)要穿厚厚的打底褲、長(zhǎng)袖襯衫、運(yùn)動(dòng)衣和機(jī)車靴去上班，她往往還會(huì)再加上一條花格呢毯，“用毯子把腿裹起來，還會(huì)朝后穿上一件Snuggie帶袖懶人毯，以免任何地方透風(fēng)，盡管這儼然犯了時(shí)尚大忌。
“I wore a dress once and had to go change, said Ms. McPherson, who attended college in NewHampshire. While male colleagues wear T-shirts, “I’m bringing all my New Hampshire clothes towork. And when that and hot coffee fail, she nuzzles against a white fake-fur wall in the office,just to “feel my skin warming up against the fur.
“我曾經(jīng)穿著裙子去上班，但最后不得不換衣服，曾在新罕布什爾州讀大學(xué)的麥克弗森說道。男同事們穿著T恤，“我卻把自己在新罕布什爾州時(shí)的衣服都穿到單位來了。如果多穿衣服、喝熱咖啡還不管用，她就會(huì)把臉貼到辦公室里一面貼著人造白色毛皮的墻上，就為“讓貼著毛皮的皮膚，感覺一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)暖和起來。
Summers are hot in Omaha, where heat indexes cantop 100 degrees. But Molly Mahannah is prepared.
奧馬哈市的夏天非常熱，其酷熱指數(shù)最高可以達(dá)到華氏100度(約合攝氏37.8度)。但莫莉·馬哈納(MollyMahannah)對(duì)此有所準(zhǔn)備。
At the office, she bundles up in cardigans or an oversized sweatshirt from her file drawer.Then, she says, “I have a huge blanket at my desk that I’ve got myself wrapped in like aburrito. Recently, “I was so cold, I was like ‘I’m just going to sit in my car in like 100-degreeheat for like five minutes, and bake.’
在辦公室里，她會(huì)從文件抽屜里拿出羊毛開衫或者大號(hào)運(yùn)動(dòng)衫，穿在身上。然后說，“我的辦公桌旁還常備著一個(gè)大毯子，可以把自己像做玉米卷餅一樣裹起來。最近，“我覺得特別冷，就會(huì)想，要到自己的車?yán)镒衔宸昼?，那里有華氏100度，可以暖和暖和。
Ms. Mahannah, 24, who wrote on Twitter that at work she felt like an icy White Walker from“Game of Thrones, said a female co-worker at her digital marketing agency cloaked herself insweaters, too. But the men? “They’re in, like, shorts.
24歲的馬哈納在Twitter上說，在辦公室里，她覺得自己像是《權(quán)力的游戲》(Game of Thrones)里冰冷的“白鬼(White Walker)。還說在她所在的數(shù)字營(yíng)銷機(jī)構(gòu)里，一名女性同事也穿上了毛衣。但男人們呢?“他們穿著，短褲之類的。
Right. It happens every summer: Offices turn on the air-conditioning, and women freeze intoPopsicles.
沒錯(cuò)。每年夏天都是如此：辦公室里開著空調(diào)，女人們凍成了冰棒。
Finally, scientists (two men, for the record) are urging an end to the Great Arctic OfficeConspiracy. Their study, published Monday in the journal Nature Climate Change, says thatmost office buildings set temperatures based on a decades-old formula that uses themetabolic rates of men. The study concludes that buildings should “reduce gender-discriminating bias in thermal comfort because setting temperatures at slightly warmerlevels can help combat global warming.
終于，科學(xué)家們(特別聲明，是兩位男士)開始呼吁終結(jié)“辦公室北極大陰謀(Great Arctic OfficeConspiracy)。他們周一在《自然·氣候變化》(Nature Climate Change)雜志發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，大多數(shù)寫字樓的溫度設(shè)置，都是基于一種幾十年不曾改變的公式，這一公式是依據(jù)男性的代謝率設(shè)定的。這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)論是，寫字樓應(yīng)該“減少熱舒適度方面的性別歧視，因?yàn)閷⑹覝厮铰晕⑻岣?，有助于?yīng)對(duì)全球變暖問題。
“In a lot of buildings, you see energy consumption is a lot higher because the standard iscalibrated for men’s body heat production, said Boris Kingma, a co-author of the study and abiophysicist at Maastricht University Medical Center in the Netherlands. “If you have a moreaccurate view of the thermal demand of the people inside, then you can design the building sothat you are wasting a lot less energy, and that means the carbon dioxide emission is less.
“在很多寫字樓里，都可以看到能源消耗要高很多，因?yàn)闇囟葮?biāo)準(zhǔn)是依據(jù)男性的身體代謝產(chǎn)熱能力設(shè)定的，這項(xiàng)研究成果的合著者之一、荷蘭馬斯特里赫特大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心(Maastricht University Medical Center)生物物理學(xué)家鮑里斯·金瑪(Boris Kingma)說道。“如果你對(duì)辦公室里人們的保暖需求有更準(zhǔn)確的了解，就能設(shè)計(jì)出能源浪費(fèi)少得多的寫字樓，那也意味著可以降低二氧化碳排放。
The study says most building thermostats follow a “thermal comfort model that was developedin the 1960s, which considers factors like air temperature, air speed, vapor pressure andclothing insulation, using a version of Fanger’s thermal comfort equation.
這項(xiàng)研究顯示，大多數(shù)寫字樓的溫度自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)器都沿用了“1960年代形成的熱舒適度模型，它考慮了氣溫、空氣速率、蒸氣壓、衣服隔熱等因素，使用了范格(Fanger)熱舒適公式的一種版本。
It is converted to a seven-point scale and compared against the Predicted PercentageDissatisfied, a gauge of how many people are likely to feel uncomfortably cool or warm.
它被轉(zhuǎn)換成一種七分制，與預(yù)期不滿意比例(Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied)相對(duì)應(yīng)，后者用以判斷有多少人可能會(huì)感覺冷得不舒服或熱得不舒服。
Seems simple enough.
看起來似乎很簡(jiǎn)單。
But Dr. Kingma and his colleague, Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, write that one variable inthe formula, resting metabolic rate (how fast we generate heat), is based on a 40-year-oldman weighing about 154 pounds.
但金瑪博士和他的同事沃特·凡·馬爾肯·里徹滕貝爾(Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt)寫道，這個(gè)公式中有一個(gè)變量——靜息代謝率——是基于體重約154磅(約合70公斤)的40歲男性的參數(shù)設(shè)定的。
Maybe that man once represented most people in offices. But women now constitute half ofthe work force and usually have slower metabolic rates than men, mostly because they aresmaller and have more body fat, which has lower metabolic rates than muscle. Indeed, thestudy says, the current model “may overestimate resting heat production of women by up to35 percent.
也許這樣一位男士的指數(shù)曾經(jīng)代表了辦公室大多數(shù)人的情況。但如今女性占據(jù)勞動(dòng)力大軍的一半，她們的代謝率往往低于男性，主要因?yàn)樗齻兇蠖啾饶行泽w型小，身體脂肪含量多，而脂肪比肌肉代謝率低。實(shí)際上，這項(xiàng)研究顯示，目前的模型“可能把女性在靜息狀態(tài)的產(chǎn)熱能力高估了35%。
“If women have lower need for cooling it actually means you can save energy, because right nowwe’re just cooling for this male population, said Joost van Hoof, a building physicist at FontysUniversity of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands, who was not involved in the study.
“如果女性制冷需求更低，那實(shí)際上意味著可以節(jié)省能源，因?yàn)槟壳拔覀冎皇窃跒槟行匀巳褐评?，荷蘭方提斯應(yīng)用科技大學(xué)(Fontys University of Applied Sciences)建筑物理學(xué)家約斯特·凡·胡夫(Joost van Hoof)說道。他沒有參與上述研究。
“Many men think that women are just nagging, he said. “But it’s because of their physiology.
“很多男人覺得女人們只是在嘮叨，他說。“但那是她們的身體機(jī)能在起作用。
Physiology and clothing. The authors also note that the model is not always calibratedaccurately for women wearing skirts or sandals.
除了身體機(jī)能，還有著裝習(xí)慣。研究者還指出，目前的模型并不總能準(zhǔn)確地為穿裙子和涼鞋的女士們調(diào)校溫度。
“Many men, they wear suits and ties, and women tend to dress sometimes with cleavage,said Dr. van Hoof, who wrote a commentary about the study. “The cleavage is closer to thecore of the body, so the temperature difference between the air temperature and the bodytemperature there is higher when it’s cold. I wouldn’t overestimate the effect of cleavage,but it’s there.
“很多男士穿西裝打領(lǐng)帶，而女士們則穿著展露乳溝的衣服，凡·胡夫博士說道，他就上述研究撰寫了一則評(píng)論。“乳溝更靠近身體核心，所以周圍溫度低的時(shí)候，那里氣溫和體溫的溫差會(huì)更大。我不想過度夸大乳溝的影響，但它確實(shí)存在。
So for the planet’s sake, men should “stop complaining, Dr. Kingma said. “If it is too warm,the behavior thing you can do is take off a piece of clothing, but you can only do that so much.You could also say let’s keep it a very cold building and women should just wear more clothes.
所以，為了地球環(huán)境考慮，男士們應(yīng)該“停止抱怨，金瑪博士說。“如果覺得辦公室太熱，可以脫一件衣服，但你只能做到這種程度。你也可能會(huì)說，我們還是繼續(xù)把辦公室調(diào)得冷一些吧，女人們應(yīng)該多穿些衣服。
But his study offers another solution: Change the formula.
但他的研究提供了另一種解決方案：改變調(diào)節(jié)溫度的公式。
The researchers tested 16 women, students in their 20s, doing seated work wearing lightclothes in rooms called respiration chambers, which track oxygen inhaled and carbon dioxideexhaled. Skin temperature was measured on hands, the abdomen and elsewhere. Athermometer pill the women swallowed reported internal body temperature.
研究人員對(duì)16名女性進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。她們都是20多歲的學(xué)生，穿著輕薄的衣服，坐在可以跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)吸入的氧氣和呼出的二氧化碳濃度的房間內(nèi)，這種房間名為“呼吸室。她們一邊坐著工作，一邊有儀器監(jiān)測(cè)她們手部、腹部和其他部位的體溫，還有一種口服體溫藥丸用來測(cè)量她們體內(nèi)的溫度。
Researchers found the women’s average metabolic rate was 20 to 32 percent lower than ratesin the standard chart used to set building temperature. So they propose adjusting the modelto include actual metabolic rates of women and men, plus factors like body tissue insulation,not just clothing. For example, people who weigh more get warmer faster, and older peoplehave slower metabolic rates, the study reported.
研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，女性的平均代謝率比用來設(shè)定寫字樓溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的代謝率低20%到32%。所以他們建議對(duì)現(xiàn)有溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行調(diào)整，既考慮到女性和男性的實(shí)際代謝率，也考慮身體組織絕熱等其他因素，而不僅僅是服裝因素。比如，研究報(bào)告提示，體重較重的人更容易感到熱，年齡更大的人代謝率更低。
How much warmer an office would become would vary, of course, but the study cites researchfinding as much as a five-degree difference in women and men’s preferences. Dr. Kingma said awoman might prefer a 75-degree room, while a man might prefer about 70 degrees, which Dr.Kingma said is a common current office temperature.
當(dāng)然，辦公室究竟應(yīng)該提高多少溫度應(yīng)該視具體情況而變化，但這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果顯示，女性和男性偏好的溫度會(huì)相差五度。金瑪博士表示，女性可能希望室內(nèi)溫度達(dá)到華氏75度，而男性可能傾向于設(shè)在70度左右，金瑪教授表示，華氏70度的室溫設(shè)定目前在辦公場(chǎng)所比較常見。
Some experts doubt the proposed formula would be easily adopted.
有些專家懷疑新提議的溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)能否被很好地采納。
Khee Poh Lam, an architecture professor at Carnegie Mellon, said even if the industry accepted achange to the longstanding model, buildings often house different businesses or “squeezemore people in than they were designed for and partition offices so thermostats and ventsare in different rooms. Given these improvisations, he added, “whether this actually affectsenergy, I think that’s a big leap.
卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué)(Carnegie Mellon)建筑學(xué)教授林棋波(Khee Poh Lam)表示，即便業(yè)界愿意改變這個(gè)長(zhǎng)期存在的模型，每棟寫字樓里都容納著不同的企業(yè)，而且一些樓宇里“擠的人比原先設(shè)計(jì)的要多，此外，辦公室也會(huì)分隔空間，導(dǎo)致恒溫器和通風(fēng)管道被隔在了不同的房間里。他接著說，考慮到這些具體情況，“這一舉措要真正對(duì)能源消耗產(chǎn)生影響，我覺得難度不小。
Still, he said, “we need to keep pushing for improvements because “the phenomenon ofwomen getting cold is very, very obvious, and cold or hot employees are less productive.
不過，他也說，“我們需要持續(xù)推動(dòng)這些改善措施，因?yàn)?ldquo;辦公室里女性感到冷是非常非常普遍的事，而如果感覺太冷或太熱，員工的工作效率會(huì)比較低。
Individualized temperature controls are the eventual answer, said Dr. Lam, who helped designa “personal environmental module in the 1990s that was deemed too expensive forcommercial development. Now others are developing systems to let workers make theircubicles warmer or cooler.
林教授表示，個(gè)性化的溫度控制才是最終的解決之道。1990年代，他曾幫助設(shè)計(jì)了一種“個(gè)人環(huán)境模塊，但人們覺得它成本過高，不適合進(jìn)行商業(yè)開發(fā)。現(xiàn)在，已經(jīng)有其他人在開發(fā)可以讓員工把自己工位的溫度調(diào)高或調(diào)低的系統(tǒng)了。
Kimberly Mark, 31, would appreciate that. This summer, at a software company in Natick,Mass., she and female colleagues are using space heaters. The thermostat is in the office of“the guy next to me, she said, “and I’m the only woman in the offices that he controls.
31歲的金伯莉·馬克(Kimberly Mark)非常期待這種設(shè)備出現(xiàn)。她是馬薩諸塞州納蒂克一家軟件公司的員工，這個(gè)夏天，她和女性同事在使用小型取暖設(shè)備保暖。她說，恒溫器在“我旁邊那個(gè)家伙的辦公室里，“而我是他控制溫度的這個(gè)辦公室里，唯一的女性。
Phoebe McPherson, 21, said she sometimes wears thick leggings, a long-sleeve shirt, asweatshirt and motorcycle boots to work at a health technology startup in Reston, Va. Sheoften adds a tartan blanket, wraps “a blanket around my legs, and despite the glaringfashion faux pas, wears a Snuggie backward to seal off any openings.
21歲的菲比·麥克弗森(Phoebe McPherson)供職于弗吉尼亞州雷斯頓的一家健康科技創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。她說自己有時(shí)要穿厚厚的打底褲、長(zhǎng)袖襯衫、運(yùn)動(dòng)衣和機(jī)車靴去上班，她往往還會(huì)再加上一條花格呢毯，“用毯子把腿裹起來，還會(huì)朝后穿上一件Snuggie帶袖懶人毯，以免任何地方透風(fēng)，盡管這儼然犯了時(shí)尚大忌。
“I wore a dress once and had to go change, said Ms. McPherson, who attended college in NewHampshire. While male colleagues wear T-shirts, “I’m bringing all my New Hampshire clothes towork. And when that and hot coffee fail, she nuzzles against a white fake-fur wall in the office,just to “feel my skin warming up against the fur.
“我曾經(jīng)穿著裙子去上班，但最后不得不換衣服，曾在新罕布什爾州讀大學(xué)的麥克弗森說道。男同事們穿著T恤，“我卻把自己在新罕布什爾州時(shí)的衣服都穿到單位來了。如果多穿衣服、喝熱咖啡還不管用，她就會(huì)把臉貼到辦公室里一面貼著人造白色毛皮的墻上，就為“讓貼著毛皮的皮膚，感覺一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)暖和起來。
