2024屆高考英語(課標全國)一輪復習課件:語法突破 第11講
類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) 含有否定意義的副詞或詞組(never,nowhere,not,no,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,barely,in no way,by no means,at no time,not until)位于句首時 否定副詞或詞組+助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其他部分 Never before have I seen a moving film. Not until then did he realize his own fault. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) hardly/scarcely...when,no sooner...than,not only...but(also)等引導兩個分句時,前一個分句用部分倒裝,后一個分句不變 hardly/no sooner/not only+助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其他部分+when/than/but also+分句 Hardly/No sooner had he arrived when/than she started complaining. Not only was the coat soft,but it was also warm. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) so/such...that中的so/such部分位于句首時 so+adj./adv.+系動詞/助動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其他部分+that從句 So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) so/neither/nor置于句首,意為“也”或“也不”,表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時 so/neither/nor+系動詞/助動詞/情態動詞+主語. .. They love having lots of friends,so do those with disabilities. Lily can’t ride,neither/nor can Lucy. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) though/as引導讓步狀語從句時,意為“盡管”,通常把句中狀語、表語或動詞提前;若表語是名詞,其前不用冠詞
Man as he was,he behaved like a woman. Fail though he did,he would never give up. Old as/though he is,he is still working hard. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) 當if引導的虛擬條件從句中含有had,were或should時,如將if省略,則要將had,were或should移到主語之前 Had/Were/Should+主語+謂語其他部分+主句 Had I attended the meeting,I would have met Jim. 特別提醒: 1.there,here,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out等副詞置于句首,但主語為人稱代詞時,不用倒裝。 2.only雖在句首,但不修飾狀語時用正常語序。 3.so表示“是的,確實”時,主謂語不倒裝。 4.though引導的讓步狀語從句也可不用倒裝語序。 5.當前面兩件事或兩件以上的事也適合于另一人或物時,通常用“so it is with...”或“it is the same with...” Here you are. Then he left. Away they hurried. Only I can go there. —It is hot. —So it is. Though he is young,he knows a lot. Tom likes singing,but he doesn’t like dancing.So it is with Mary. 二、省略句用法一覽表 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 賓語 從句 由which,when,where或how引導的賓語從句中與主句重復的主語及謂語,可全部或部分省略,只保留一個連接代詞或連接副詞 He will come back,but he doesn’t know when(he will come back). 引導賓語從句的從屬連詞that可省略。但要注意,及物動詞后跟兩個或兩個以上that引導的賓語從句時,只有第一個連詞that可省略 He told me(that)she was a beautiful girl and that she was clever. I’m afraid,I think,I believe,I hope,I guess等作答語,后面so與not分別等于肯定和否定,賓語從句可省略 —Do you think it will rain? —I hope not(that it will not rain). 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 定語 從句 在限制性定語從句中,關系代詞that,which,whom充當賓語,而且前面無介詞時可省略。關系代詞在從句中作表語時也可省略 The car(which/that)his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen. China is no longer a country(that)it used to be. 狀語 從句 當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致或從句的主語為it且從句中有be動詞時,可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞 As(he was)a young man,he studied law and became a lawyer. He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something. The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected. If(it is)so,you must go back and get it. 虛擬 語氣 在虛擬條件句中,如含有had,were,should等助動詞,if可省略,句子要用倒裝 Were I(=If I were)twenty now,I would join the army. 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 動詞 不定 式 不定式符號 to的省略 感官動詞或使役動詞(如feel,see,hear,notice,let,make,have等)后接不定式作賓語補足語時省略to My mother wouldn’t let me go to see the film. 在do nothing but,can’t help but,why not,would rather...than...,prefer to do...rather than...等句式中 Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 不定式省略 使用不定式符號to來代替不定式后被省略的動詞,常在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等的后邊 I asked him to see the film,but he didn’t want to. 在某些形容詞glad,happy,pleased,delighted,willing,ready,eager,anxious等后面 —Will you join in the game? —I’d be glad to. 如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been —Are you a sailor? —No,but I used to be. 三、強調句用法一覽表 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 強調句 It is/was...that/who可以對除謂語以外的成分進行強調。當強調部分為“人”時,可用that或who,其他情況下用that It was in the street that I saw him yesterday afternoon. 在強調句中,當強調主語時,其后的謂語動詞應緊跟其主語,即人稱和數要一致 It is White and Betty who often
do
good deeds for the old lady. It is only I who/that am willing to go to see the film. 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 強調句 如果原句的謂語動詞是現在時或將來時,強調句結構須用:It is...that/who...;如原句的謂語動詞是過去時態,則其結構須用It was...that/who... It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon. What is it that you want me to do? “not...until...”句型的強調結構為“It is/was not until...that...” It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital. 強調句的特殊疑問句型為:疑問詞+is/was+it+that/who...? Where was it that you met Jack yesterday? 特別提醒: 強調句與其他從句的區別 強調句型要注意和it代表時間、距離、溫度、自然現象、具體事物或人物等時所構成的各種句型的區別。判斷是否是強調句,可采用“還原法”,即把“It is/was...that/who”去掉。如果還原為一般句式后,句子各種成分完整,則是強調句,否則不是。 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 謂語動詞 的強調 do/does/did+動詞原形 Do come on Sunday. He did finish the task completely last week. 1.強調句與定語從句的區別:定語從句中that是充當從句的成分的,而在強調結構中,that無任何意義。 It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(強調結構,that無意義) 湯姆是在公園里丟的那只手表。 It was the street that he took a photo of.(定語從句,that充當從句中of的賓語) 他就是給這條街照的相。 2.強調句與主語從句的區別:it作形式主語,that引導真正的主語從句,去掉it be和that句式不完整。若為強調句式,去掉之后句式完整。 It is a fact that he is an honest man.(主語從句) 他是一個誠實的人,這是事實。 It is he that is an honest man.(強調句) 誠實的人是他。 3.強調句與狀語從句的區別:尤其出現“it be+時間”時,一定要區分是強調句還是時間狀語從句。 It was eight o’clock when he came back.(時間狀語從句) 當他回來時已經8點了。 It was at eight o’clock that he came back.(強調句) 就在8點鐘他回來了。
四、祈使句 祈使句用來表達說話人的請求、命令、建議、勸告等,謂語動詞用動詞原形。其主語是you,往往省略。常見的祈使句句型如下: 1.動詞原形...如: Lay down your arms!放下武器! Be sure to get there before eight o’clock. 一定要在8點前趕到那兒。 2.Don’t或Never+動詞原形...如: Never go out alone at night! 不要在夜晚單獨出去! 3.Do+動詞原形...(此句型表示強調)。如: Do tell her about it.務必將此事告訴她。 4.主語+動詞原形...如: Tom,you go and see what’s happening. Tom,去看看發生什么事情了。 You,girls,clean the desk;you,boys,sweep the floor. 你們女生,擦桌子。你們男生,打掃地板。 5.祈使句表示假設的情況 (1)“祈使句+and+陳述句(一般將來時)”。它的兩種特殊形式: ①名詞詞組+and+陳述句 名詞詞組中通常含有more,another,further,earlier等詞。 One step further and you’ll fall down. 再多走一步,你就會掉下去。 Just a little patience and we’ll look into it soon. 耐心點兒,我們很快就會調查此事。 ②祈使句+破折號+陳述句 Try some of this juice—perhaps you’ll like it. 嘗嘗這種果汁,也許你會喜歡的。
(2)“祈使句+or/otherwise+陳述句”。相當于“if...not+主句”。 Hurry up or we’ll be late for the meeting.=If we don’t hurry up,we’ll be late for the meeting. 快點,不然我們開會就遲到了。 謝謝觀看! 第十一講
特殊句式 (倒裝、省略和強調等) 近幾年來高考對省略、倒裝、強調及其他一些特殊句式的考查較多,不但考查各種句式的基本結構,而且考查在具體語境中的用法,以及與定語從句、狀語從句結合在一起的混合考查,有時還考查倒裝句和強調句的變形。從試卷看,這類題目的結構復雜程度及句意理解難度都加大了,并且注重知識類題目的情景也是近幾年高考命題的趨勢。省略句主要考查狀語從句中的省略。倒裝主要考查only+狀語以及介詞、副詞、否定詞放在句首等。強調考查的是強調句型以及和其它句型混合在一起的用法。 一、倒裝句用法一覽表 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 全部 倒裝 (把 全部 謂語 提到 主語 之前) 以here,there,in,up,down,away等副詞開頭,主語是名詞,謂語動詞多為be,come,go等 副詞+謂語+主語 There stands a
temple
on
the
top
of the mountain. Out rushed a cat from under the table. 以then,now,always,once,many a time,now and then,thus,such開頭,謂語動詞多為come,follow,begin,end,be,主語又是名詞時 副詞+謂語+主語 Now comes your turn. Often did I speak of him before. Always does she ask me for money. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 全部 倒裝 (把 全部 謂語 提到 主語 之前) 表地點的介詞短語位于句首,且謂語動詞為不及物動詞 介詞短語+謂語+主語 Between the two windows hangs a large map of China. Along the dusty road came a group of tourists. 分詞或表語置于句首,為了保持句子平衡,以示強調,或上下文銜接可倒裝 Outside the doctor’s clinic were 20 patients. Present at the meeting were experts from Europe. Gone are the days when we were poor. Hanging on the wall was a painting by Qi Baishi. such作表語時 such+be+主語 Such is life. Such is my reward. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) “only+狀語”放于句首時
/系動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其它部分 Only then did I know the importance of learning. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only after he finished the work did he leave.
+be+主語
Only++助動詞
+though/as+主謂結構
類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) 含有否定意義的副詞或詞組(never,nowhere,not,no,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,barely,in no way,by no means,at no time,not until)位于句首時 否定副詞或詞組+助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其他部分 Never before have I seen a moving film. Not until then did he realize his own fault. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) hardly/scarcely...when,no sooner...than,not only...but(also)等引導兩個分句時,前一個分句用部分倒裝,后一個分句不變 hardly/no sooner/not only+助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其他部分+when/than/but also+分句 Hardly/No sooner had he arrived when/than she started complaining. Not only was the coat soft,but it was also warm. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) so/such...that中的so/such部分位于句首時 so+adj./adv.+系動詞/助動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其他部分+that從句 So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) so/neither/nor置于句首,意為“也”或“也不”,表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時 so/neither/nor+系動詞/助動詞/情態動詞+主語. .. They love having lots of friends,so do those with disabilities. Lily can’t ride,neither/nor can Lucy. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) though/as引導讓步狀語從句時,意為“盡管”,通常把句中狀語、表語或動詞提前;若表語是名詞,其前不用冠詞
Man as he was,he behaved like a woman. Fail though he did,he would never give up. Old as/though he is,he is still working hard. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) 當if引導的虛擬條件從句中含有had,were或should時,如將if省略,則要將had,were或should移到主語之前 Had/Were/Should+主語+謂語其他部分+主句 Had I attended the meeting,I would have met Jim. 特別提醒: 1.there,here,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out等副詞置于句首,但主語為人稱代詞時,不用倒裝。 2.only雖在句首,但不修飾狀語時用正常語序。 3.so表示“是的,確實”時,主謂語不倒裝。 4.though引導的讓步狀語從句也可不用倒裝語序。 5.當前面兩件事或兩件以上的事也適合于另一人或物時,通常用“so it is with...”或“it is the same with...” Here you are. Then he left. Away they hurried. Only I can go there. —It is hot. —So it is. Though he is young,he knows a lot. Tom likes singing,but he doesn’t like dancing.So it is with Mary. 二、省略句用法一覽表 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 賓語 從句 由which,when,where或how引導的賓語從句中與主句重復的主語及謂語,可全部或部分省略,只保留一個連接代詞或連接副詞 He will come back,but he doesn’t know when(he will come back). 引導賓語從句的從屬連詞that可省略。但要注意,及物動詞后跟兩個或兩個以上that引導的賓語從句時,只有第一個連詞that可省略 He told me(that)she was a beautiful girl and that she was clever. I’m afraid,I think,I believe,I hope,I guess等作答語,后面so與not分別等于肯定和否定,賓語從句可省略 —Do you think it will rain? —I hope not(that it will not rain). 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 定語 從句 在限制性定語從句中,關系代詞that,which,whom充當賓語,而且前面無介詞時可省略。關系代詞在從句中作表語時也可省略 The car(which/that)his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen. China is no longer a country(that)it used to be. 狀語 從句 當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致或從句的主語為it且從句中有be動詞時,可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞 As(he was)a young man,he studied law and became a lawyer. He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something. The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected. If(it is)so,you must go back and get it. 虛擬 語氣 在虛擬條件句中,如含有had,were,should等助動詞,if可省略,句子要用倒裝 Were I(=If I were)twenty now,I would join the army. 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 動詞 不定 式 不定式符號 to的省略 感官動詞或使役動詞(如feel,see,hear,notice,let,make,have等)后接不定式作賓語補足語時省略to My mother wouldn’t let me go to see the film. 在do nothing but,can’t help but,why not,would rather...than...,prefer to do...rather than...等句式中 Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 不定式省略 使用不定式符號to來代替不定式后被省略的動詞,常在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等的后邊 I asked him to see the film,but he didn’t want to. 在某些形容詞glad,happy,pleased,delighted,willing,ready,eager,anxious等后面 —Will you join in the game? —I’d be glad to. 如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been —Are you a sailor? —No,but I used to be. 三、強調句用法一覽表 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 強調句 It is/was...that/who可以對除謂語以外的成分進行強調。當強調部分為“人”時,可用that或who,其他情況下用that It was in the street that I saw him yesterday afternoon. 在強調句中,當強調主語時,其后的謂語動詞應緊跟其主語,即人稱和數要一致 It is White and Betty who often
do
good deeds for the old lady. It is only I who/that am willing to go to see the film. 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 強調句 如果原句的謂語動詞是現在時或將來時,強調句結構須用:It is...that/who...;如原句的謂語動詞是過去時態,則其結構須用It was...that/who... It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon. What is it that you want me to do? “not...until...”句型的強調結構為“It is/was not until...that...” It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital. 強調句的特殊疑問句型為:疑問詞+is/was+it+that/who...? Where was it that you met Jack yesterday? 特別提醒: 強調句與其他從句的區別 強調句型要注意和it代表時間、距離、溫度、自然現象、具體事物或人物等時所構成的各種句型的區別。判斷是否是強調句,可采用“還原法”,即把“It is/was...that/who”去掉。如果還原為一般句式后,句子各種成分完整,則是強調句,否則不是。 種類 要點歸納 典句示例 謂語動詞 的強調 do/does/did+動詞原形 Do come on Sunday. He did finish the task completely last week. 1.強調句與定語從句的區別:定語從句中that是充當從句的成分的,而在強調結構中,that無任何意義。 It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(強調結構,that無意義) 湯姆是在公園里丟的那只手表。 It was the street that he took a photo of.(定語從句,that充當從句中of的賓語) 他就是給這條街照的相。 2.強調句與主語從句的區別:it作形式主語,that引導真正的主語從句,去掉it be和that句式不完整。若為強調句式,去掉之后句式完整。 It is a fact that he is an honest man.(主語從句) 他是一個誠實的人,這是事實。 It is he that is an honest man.(強調句) 誠實的人是他。 3.強調句與狀語從句的區別:尤其出現“it be+時間”時,一定要區分是強調句還是時間狀語從句。 It was eight o’clock when he came back.(時間狀語從句) 當他回來時已經8點了。 It was at eight o’clock that he came back.(強調句) 就在8點鐘他回來了。
四、祈使句 祈使句用來表達說話人的請求、命令、建議、勸告等,謂語動詞用動詞原形。其主語是you,往往省略。常見的祈使句句型如下: 1.動詞原形...如: Lay down your arms!放下武器! Be sure to get there before eight o’clock. 一定要在8點前趕到那兒。 2.Don’t或Never+動詞原形...如: Never go out alone at night! 不要在夜晚單獨出去! 3.Do+動詞原形...(此句型表示強調)。如: Do tell her about it.務必將此事告訴她。 4.主語+動詞原形...如: Tom,you go and see what’s happening. Tom,去看看發生什么事情了。 You,girls,clean the desk;you,boys,sweep the floor. 你們女生,擦桌子。你們男生,打掃地板。 5.祈使句表示假設的情況 (1)“祈使句+and+陳述句(一般將來時)”。它的兩種特殊形式: ①名詞詞組+and+陳述句 名詞詞組中通常含有more,another,further,earlier等詞。 One step further and you’ll fall down. 再多走一步,你就會掉下去。 Just a little patience and we’ll look into it soon. 耐心點兒,我們很快就會調查此事。 ②祈使句+破折號+陳述句 Try some of this juice—perhaps you’ll like it. 嘗嘗這種果汁,也許你會喜歡的。
(2)“祈使句+or/otherwise+陳述句”。相當于“if...not+主句”。 Hurry up or we’ll be late for the meeting.=If we don’t hurry up,we’ll be late for the meeting. 快點,不然我們開會就遲到了。 謝謝觀看! 第十一講
特殊句式 (倒裝、省略和強調等) 近幾年來高考對省略、倒裝、強調及其他一些特殊句式的考查較多,不但考查各種句式的基本結構,而且考查在具體語境中的用法,以及與定語從句、狀語從句結合在一起的混合考查,有時還考查倒裝句和強調句的變形。從試卷看,這類題目的結構復雜程度及句意理解難度都加大了,并且注重知識類題目的情景也是近幾年高考命題的趨勢。省略句主要考查狀語從句中的省略。倒裝主要考查only+狀語以及介詞、副詞、否定詞放在句首等。強調考查的是強調句型以及和其它句型混合在一起的用法。 一、倒裝句用法一覽表 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 全部 倒裝 (把 全部 謂語 提到 主語 之前) 以here,there,in,up,down,away等副詞開頭,主語是名詞,謂語動詞多為be,come,go等 副詞+謂語+主語 There stands a
temple
on
the
top
of the mountain. Out rushed a cat from under the table. 以then,now,always,once,many a time,now and then,thus,such開頭,謂語動詞多為come,follow,begin,end,be,主語又是名詞時 副詞+謂語+主語 Now comes your turn. Often did I speak of him before. Always does she ask me for money. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 全部 倒裝 (把 全部 謂語 提到 主語 之前) 表地點的介詞短語位于句首,且謂語動詞為不及物動詞 介詞短語+謂語+主語 Between the two windows hangs a large map of China. Along the dusty road came a group of tourists. 分詞或表語置于句首,為了保持句子平衡,以示強調,或上下文銜接可倒裝 Outside the doctor’s clinic were 20 patients. Present at the meeting were experts from Europe. Gone are the days when we were poor. Hanging on the wall was a painting by Qi Baishi. such作表語時 such+be+主語 Such is life. Such is my reward. 類別 倒裝條件 倒裝方法 典句示例 部分倒裝(助動詞,系動詞be,情態動詞提到主語之前) “only+狀語”放于句首時
/系動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語其它部分 Only then did I know the importance of learning. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only after he finished the work did he leave.
+be+主語
Only++助動詞
+though/as+主謂結構