2024屆高考英語大一輪復習專題課件:專題7 定語從句(全國通用)
【范文實例】 1.本文是一封電子郵件,屬于提綱類作文,文章說明了去澳大利亞的目的,詢問了一些相關的情況,內容簡潔,要點全面。 2.詢問內容是文章的主體,盡管都是詢問,但是作者注意了不同句式的變化,運用了May I have my own room?It would be great if I could...,I’m wondering if I could...,I’d like to know...四種不同的提問形式表達了四種不同的詢問,可謂是用的巧妙,獨具匠心。 3.文章用How happy I am...感嘆句表達自己的興奮之情也能夠讓收信人倍感親切。
讀后啟示:____________________________________________ 用as和which填空 ③Li Ming was late,________made Mr Zhang very angry.
李明遲到了,這讓張老師很生氣。 ④________he realized, it was too late.
正如他意識到的那樣,已經晚了。 答案?、貯s?、赼s ③which
④As 知識點二 關系副詞引導的定語從句 1.當先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時,要用關系副詞,表時間用when,表地點用where,表原因用why引導 He will always remember the day when his father returned from America. 他將永遠記得他父親從美國回來的那一天。 The factory where his father works is the largest one in this city. 他父親工作的那個工廠是這個城市最大的工廠。
I don’t know the reason why he was absent today. 我不知道他今天為什么沒來。 2.介詞+關系代詞= where/when/why/how
when=表時間的介詞(in,at, during)+which
where=表地點的介詞(in,at,on, under) + which
why=表原因的介詞(如for) +which
how=表方式的介詞(如in)+which
3.關于關系副詞where
高考對于where的考查趨于復雜,從先行詞為明顯的“地點”轉向模糊化的“地點”。實際上, where的外延已發生變化,當先行詞是表示某人/物的situation或某事發展的stage時都可用where這個關系副詞。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他們已經到了彼此必須分手的地步。
4.關系代詞和關系副詞的區別 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語,而關系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。因此在選擇關系詞時,最重要的是分析一下定語從句中的成分。 比較: Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?
你還記得我們一起在青島度過的日子嗎? Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?
你還記得我們在青島過暑假的日子嗎? 關系代詞或關系副詞的選用,關鍵是看先行詞與從句中動詞的關系:先行詞是否作從句中動詞的賓語或主語;將先行詞帶入從句中是否需要添加介詞。 1.(2024·四川,9)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________ they live.
答案 where [本題考查定語從句引導詞。先行詞是environment為物(抽象地點),而且定語從句中不缺少主語, live在此為不及物動詞,故選where (=in which)。] 2.Life is like a long race ________ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
答案 where [句意:生活像長跑比賽,我們與其他人競爭以超越我們自己。先行詞為race,代入定語從句后為:...we compete with others to go beyond ourselves in the long race.由此可見,race在定語從句中作狀語,且表示地點,故用關系副詞where。] 有些“動詞+介詞”構成的固定短語,如look for, look after, call on等不能把介詞提到關系代詞前。 知識點三 “介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句 1.“介詞+關系代詞”引導定語從句時,關系代詞只能用which(指物)或whom(指人),當介詞放在關系代詞前面時, 關系代詞不能省略;反之,當介詞位于定語從句的末尾時,可用that/which(指物),that/who/whom(指人)作介詞的賓語,作介詞賓語的關系代詞可以省略。 This is the book for which you asked. (which不能省略)這是你所要的書。
This is the book which you asked for. (which可省略)這是你所要的書。
Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born? (which 不能省略)這是莎士比亞出生的房子嗎? He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.(which不能省略)他付小男孩10美元擦10個窗戶,大多數窗戶至少一年沒有清理過了。 The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.(whom不能省略)
昨天你告訴我的那個紳士結果是個小偷。 2.“介詞+which/whom”中介詞的確定分兩種情況:
(1)與定語從句中的動詞構成搭配。 The man I talked about at the meeting is from America. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from America. 在會議中我談到的那個人來自美國。
但下面這句中for不可以提前,因為look for是動詞短語。 This is the person (whom/who/that) you are looking for. 這就是你找的那個人。 (2)與定語從句所修飾的先行詞搭配。 He came to a farm, on which he finally settled. 他來到一個農場,最后在那里安了家。 3.“復合介詞短語+關系代詞”引導的定語從句,常與先行詞用逗號隔開,定語從句常用倒裝語序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一個大房子里,房子的前面有一棵大樹。
that用法真有趣,兩個地方它不去;逗號后邊它不去,介詞之后不考慮。 1.I saw a woman running toward me in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction ________ she had come.
答案 from which [考查“介詞+關系代詞”形式的定語從句??忌资芩季S定式的影響,認為本題中的先行詞為direction,通常與介詞in搭配,表示“朝……方向”,進而誤用in which。 句意:在黑暗中我看到一名女子向我跑來。還沒有等我看清楚她是誰,她就沿著原來的方向跑回去了。根據句意,將先行詞代入從句中應為she had come from the direction,故用from which。] 2.根據句意在空白處填入相應的介詞+關系代詞 ①The clever boy made a hole in the wall,________he could see what was happening inside the house. ②The age________children can go to school is seven. ③The dog,________she used to be afraid, is her favourite animal now. ④The speed________Tom drives his car is too high. ⑤Tom is the boy ________I went to the cinema together. 答案 ①through which?、赼t which?、踥f which ④at which ⑤with whom 易錯點1 as與which在定語從句中的區別 A lot of language learning, ________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. 解析 本題考查非限制性定語從句。關系代詞指整個一句話A lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life。as用在句首,which用在句末,正確答案應該是as。 答案 as 【即時小練】 We recommend that our human beings treat the nature with the same care ________ we give to our eyes. 答案 as [先行詞有the same修飾,其后定語從句則用that或as引導。that表示同一個物,as表示同類中的一個。根據題意可知應選as。] 以題說法 結合左面題目,我們可以匯總在定語從句中對as的考查多為: ①引導限制性定語從句時,as常用于such...as, so...as,the same...as, as...as結構中。
He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday. 他看的書和你昨天買的那本是一樣的。 ②引導非限制性定語從句時,as引導的從句放在主句之前、之后均可,意為“正如……”;which引導的從句只能放在主句之后,意為“這一點,這件事”。 突破指南 正確判斷找出先行詞,看是否有“such”“the same”等詞的修飾,是否翻譯為“正如……”。 易錯點2 關系詞在句中的作用判斷失誤 (2024·湖南模擬)Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ________ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. 解析 句意:在本章的后一部分,將給讀者介紹一些案例,在這些案例中,消費者的投訴已經使法律做出了修改。根據句意判定cases為先行詞,關系詞在定語從句中作狀語,相當于in these cases, in which=where,即先行詞在從句中作狀語。 答案 where 【即時小練】 Remember that there is still one point ________ we must make clear at the conference tomorrow. 答案 that [句意:記住還有一點是我們必須在明天會議上弄清楚的。先行詞為point,代入定語從句中作make的賓語(make the point clear),故選關系代詞that。] 以題說法 此題易誤用who,將readers錯當了先行詞,其實,根據句意及從句中所給的語境,我們可知先行詞為cases。 突破指南 定語從句中先行詞為case, point, position, situation等詞時,一定要確定它們在定語從句中所作的成分,如作狀語,用關系副詞where;作主/賓語時,用that或which。
易錯點3 定語從句與強調句的判斷 (2024·黑龍江哈師大附中月考)It was in the small house ________ was built with stones by his father ________ he spent his childhood. 解析 考查定語從句和強調句。句意:他是在他父親用石頭建造的那座小房子里度過了他的童年。前一空中which引導一個定語從句,修飾前面的house;后一空是一個強調句。判斷句子是否為強調句,只要將強調句型中的It is/was,that/who去掉句子意思完整,這就是強調句型。 答案 which;that 【即時小練】 It is few people,________ have come to ask for the position,________ I think are fit for the job. 答案 who;that [考查定語從句及強調句型。第一空考查非限制性定語從句的關系詞,people是先行詞,在定語從句中作主語,用who引導。第二空考查強調句型中的that。] 以題說法 定語從句和強調句糅合在一起考查,是對定語從句的一種考查方式,解決問題的關鍵是找準句子的主干意思,即找到強調句型的填充處。 突破指南 在定語從句與強調句的結合中,“先行詞+定語從句”多為強調句中的被強調部分。第一空的設置多是對定語從句的考查,第二空多為強調句型。
易錯點4 由分隔問題而導致的錯誤 The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 解析 句意:僅靠體力能謀生的時代一去不復返了。先行詞為days,將其帶入空格后的定語從句中可知該先行詞作狀語,表時間,相當于in which,故用關系副詞when。 答案 when 【即時小練】 Occasions are quite rare ________ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 答案 when [句意:我很少有這樣的機會:抽出一天的時間陪孩子。根據句意可知,本題考查定語從句中的關系詞。先行詞為“occasions”,意為“機會”。由于空格后的句子不缺少成分,故應填關系副詞when,在定語從句中作狀語,相當于on which。] 以題說法 分隔式定語從句的難點在于如何準確找到先行詞,一旦找準先行詞,確定關系代詞或關系副詞就很容易了。 突破指南 正確分析句子結構,翻譯句子含義,是做好此種題目的關鍵。 假定你是中國高中生李華,今年暑假期間將去澳大利亞悉尼南部Kogarah的一所綜合性學校Kogarah High School學習一個月,并將寄宿在當地的居民Silvia家中。請給Silvia寫一封電子郵件,詢問一些將在Kogarah生活的有關情況。具體詢問內容如下: 1.住宿是否可以有單間; 2.房間里是否有網絡; 3.是否可以自己煮飯; 4.是否有便利的交通。 注意:1.詞數100左右; 2.可以適當增加細節,以使行文連貫; 3.開頭語和結束語已為你寫好。 Dear Silvia, Greetings from China!I am Li Hua, a high school student in China. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Looking forward to your reply. Best wishes, Yours sincerely, Li Hua 專題七 定語從句
定語從句思維流程 知識點一 關系代詞引導的定語從句 常用關系代詞的用法如下: 關系代詞 修飾的先行詞 所作成分 who 人
主語、賓語 whom 人
賓語 that 人或物 主語、賓語、表語 which 物 主語、賓語 whose 人或物 定語 as 人或物 主語、賓語、表語 The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天來我們學校參觀的那個外國人來自加拿大。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water. 他們種了一些不需要澆太多水的樹木。 1.關系代詞that與which的用法區別 (1)只用that引導的定語從句。
that在定語從句中可以指人也可以指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,可以代替who, whom, which等。下列情況只用that而不用which引導定語從句。 ①當先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one時。
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你還有想要為你自己說的事情嗎? You should hand in all that you have. 你應該上交你擁有的一切。 ②當先行詞前面被the only, the very(恰恰,正好),any,few, little, no, all等詞修飾時。
The only thing that we can do is give you some money. 我們唯一能做的事情是給你一些錢。 ③當先行詞是形容詞最高級或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級修飾時。 This is the best that has been used against pollution. 這是用來抵制污染最好的(方法)。 This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. 這是我看過的最有趣的電影。 ④當先行詞是序數詞或它前面有序數詞修飾時。 What is the first American film that you have seen?
你看過的第一部美國電影是什么? ⑤當先行詞既有人又有物時。 Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about? 你知道他們正在談論的人和事嗎?
?、蕻斨骶涞闹髡Z是疑問詞who或which時。 Which is the bike that you lost?
哪一輛自行車是你丟的? Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
獲得金牌的男孩是誰? ⑦當先行詞在主句中作表語,而關系代詞也在從句中作表語時。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是以前的那座城市了。 (2)用which而不用that引導的定語從句
?、賥hich可引導非限制性定語從句,that則不能。 He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他沒通過數學考試,這令他父親很生氣。 ②在介詞提前的定語從句中,只用which而不用that引導。 This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live. 這是魯迅曾住過的地方。 2.關系代詞who,whom和whose的用法 (1)關系代詞who,whom先行詞指人。who是主格,在從句中作主語,不可省略; whom/that在定語從句中作賓語時,可以省略; whose是屬格,先行詞既可指人,也可指物。在定語從句中用作定語,不可省略。 The man who was here yesterday is a painter.(who在從句中作主語) 昨天在這里的那個人是畫家。 I know the man whom you mean. (whom在從句中用作賓語,可省略)
我認識你指的那個人。 A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. (whose在從句中用作定語,不可省略)
失去父母的孩子叫孤兒。 I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. =I’d like a room,of which the window looks out over the sea. =I’d like a room,the window of which looks out over the sea. 我想要一個窗戶面朝大海的房間。 3.關系代詞as引導的定語從句 These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作賓語)
這些房子以人們所期望的那樣的低價出售了。 He is not the same man as he was. 他和過去不同了。(as作表語) ★such...as...引導的定語從句與such...that...引導的狀語從句的區別: ①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. 他是一個人人都喜歡的聰明男孩。 ②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 他是個如此聰明的男孩以至于每個人都喜歡他。 第一個句子包含了一個定語從句,因為從句中缺成分;而第二句的從句不缺任何成分,是狀語從句。 (2)as表示“正如,正像” 此時,as從句中常用know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest等單詞或短語。 He came back home late,as we expected. 正如我們所料,他回家晚了。 As is pointed out, this is a grammar problem. 正如所指出的,這是個語法問題。 1.關系代詞有六個,聽我逐一來說破; which表物人用who,人物都有that顧;which用在逗號后,意表前句你要know;who作主語很稱職,whom用到賓語里。 先行若是不定代,that就把which踹;先行詞前有兩數,就用that定無誤; 先行詞前最高級,還用that必無疑;句中若有there be, that應把which替; 先行主中作表語,避免重復從句里(Just the only very same last,其后也要用that)。 2.that, which代表物,區別聽我來敘述; 當表示地點、時間或原因的名詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語時,用that/which引導。 1.The old town has narrow streets and small houses ________ are built close to each other.
答案 that/which [本題考查定語從句。句意:這古老的城鎮擁有狹窄的街道和一些小房子,這些房子都靠得很近。本題為定語從句,且從句中缺少主語,用that/which引導。] 2.The old temple ________ roof was damaged in the storm is now under repair.
答案 whose [該題中先行詞為temple,將其代入后面的從句中可知temple作定語,故選whose。] 3.The new policy only covers such people ________ have made great contributions to our country during the war.
答案 as [句意:這項新政策只涉及那些在戰爭中為祖國做出重大貢獻的人們。根據句意,判斷先行詞為people,又因先行詞由such修飾,故用as。] 4.用who或whom填空,并說明所作成分 ①This is a nurse________wears a white skirt. ②He is a worker________works very hard. ③She is a teacher________I like best. ④Tom is the driver________we talked about. ⑤Do you know the girl to________our teacher is talking. ⑥She is the teacher to________students show respect. ⑦The manager for________you have been waiting is coming. 答案?、賥ho 作主語?、趙ho 作主語?、踳ho/whom 作賓語 ④who/whom 作賓語?、輜hom 作介詞賓語(只能用whom)
?、辸hom 作介詞賓語(只能用whom) ⑦whom 作介詞賓語 5.whose的用法 ①The girl________is a teacher studies very hard.那個女孩學習非常刻苦,她的媽媽是一位教師。 ②Uncle Wang________we have just passed is a lawyer.
我們剛剛經過王叔叔的辦公室,他是一位律師。 ③Are there any rooms________face the sea?
有沒有窗戶朝著海的房間? ④The house________is painted red belongs to the Browns.門被刷成紅色的那個房子是布朗家的。 答案 ①whose mother ②whose office?、踳hose windows
?、躻hose door 6.把as和that填入下列句子 ①This is such an interesting book ________we all want to read twice.這是一本我們都想讀兩遍的有趣的書。 ②This is such an interesting book________we all want to read it twice.這本書如此有趣,以至于我們都想再讀一遍。 答案?、賏s ②that 7.翻譯(the same...as, the same...that) ①This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 答案 這是支和我昨天丟失的一樣的鋼筆。 ②This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 答案 這就是我昨天丟失的鋼筆。 as引導非限制性定語從句,其先行詞是整個主句,指代主句的內容。 8.用適當的詞填空 ①________we all know, smoking is bad for our health.
眾所周知,抽煙有害健康。 ②Li Ming is late,________is known by all.
李明遲到了,這是大家都知道的。