2024屆高考英語考前必做黃金易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)：專題07 非謂語動(dòng)詞（專題）（原卷版）
專題7
非謂語動(dòng)詞
【易錯(cuò)雷區(qū)，步步為贏】
(2024·江蘇)Much time
(spend)sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by
health problems.
2.(2024·湖南)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground,
(wonder)whether to stay or leave.
3.(2024·湖南)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students
(talk)over what is bothering them.
4.(2024·北京)
(catch)the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
5.(2024·北京)The park was full of people,
(enjoy)themselves in the sunshine.
6.(2024·北京)If
(accept)for the job, you'll be informed soon.
7.(2024·浙江)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it
(perform)live is quite another.
8.(2024·重慶)
(raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.
9.(2024·重慶)Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way
(use)the sun and the stars.
10. (2024·陜西)Back from his two－year medical service in Africa
(take)good care of at home.
【名師點(diǎn)睛，易錯(cuò)起源】
易錯(cuò)起源1、非謂語動(dòng)詞類別和句法功能
例1．(2024·天津)
(absorb)in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.【變式探究】The repair cost a lot, but it’s money well
.
A. to spend
B. spent
C. being spent
D. spending
【名師點(diǎn)睛】
非謂語動(dòng)詞句法功能的注意事項(xiàng):
◆不定式
1.介詞后的動(dòng)詞不定式只限于作介詞except和but的賓語，此時(shí)except／but意為“除了，除去”。其主要搭配有:
can but + 動(dòng)詞原形;只能、只得……
cannot help(choose)but + 動(dòng)詞原形:……不能不……
do nothing but + 動(dòng)詞原形:只做……
There is nothing to do but + 動(dòng)詞原形: ……只有做……
have no choice but to do:只有做……
例如:
The last bus having gone, I could do nothing but go home on foot. (省略 to)
I cannot choose but tell him the truth. (省略 to)
She could do nothing but leave. (省略 to)
I have no choice but to cry. (不能省略to)
2.不定式在使役動(dòng)詞have，let，make以及感官動(dòng)詞see，look at，watch，notice，observe，hear， listen to，feel后的賓補(bǔ)，不定式符號要省略，但這些句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，就必須帶符號to.例如:
I often hear him sing this song. →
He is often heard to sing this song.
I saw them play in the park. →
They were seen to play in the park.
3.不定式作定語與所修飾的名詞之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如果作定語的不定式使不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是其動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后須有相應(yīng)的介詞。但名詞way，place，way除外。例如:
He is not a man to tell lies. ( 主謂關(guān)系 )
There will not be enough space to stand in on the earth. ( 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 )
Here is some paper for you to write on.
The boy has a nice pen to write with.
We found a way to solve this problem (in).
通常使用不定式作定語的情況有:(1)不定式表示將來；(2)用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級或no， all，any等限定詞的中心詞。(3)用來修飾一些抽象名詞，常見的有:ability，disability，chance，idea， fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，time等。例如:
During my holidqy I borrowed some books to read.(表將來)
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. (有序數(shù)詞修飾)
I have no chance to escape. (修飾抽象名詞)
Do you have the ability to read French? (修飾抽象名詞)
4.不定式作狀語時(shí)可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。表示目的時(shí)可用in order to，so as to換用；表示條件時(shí)，一般把表示條件的動(dòng)詞不定式置于句首，句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常含有will，shall，should， would，can，must，could等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如:
He sat down to have a rest. (表目的 )
He woke up to find everybody gone. (表結(jié)果)
I’m very pleased to hear from him. (表原因，主要是表示喜、怒、哀、樂)
To look at him, you can’t help laughing. (表?xiàng)l件，謂語動(dòng)詞含有can)
He was too excited not to say a word. (表程度)
He is old enough to go to school. (表程度)
◆過去分詞、不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式作定語的區(qū)別:
這三種形式作定語，主要是體現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間上的區(qū)別。過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作或是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前或是沒有一定的時(shí)間性；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式作定語時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或是與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；不定式的被動(dòng)式作定語時(shí)，表示一個(gè)未來的動(dòng)作。例如:
The bridge to be built is named Stone in honor of the hero. (將要修建的)
The bridge being built is named Stone in honor of the hero. (正大修建的)
The bridge built is named Stone in honor of the hero. (己經(jīng)修建了的)
Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
He is a teacher loved anti respected by all students. (沒有時(shí)間性)
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the young men. (表正在)
The question to be discussed at the Sunday meeting is very important. (表將來)
在英語中，表示“感覺狀態(tài)”的動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞形式作表語和定語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示“令人感到……”，指主語或被修飾的詞給人的感覺；過去分詞表示”感到……”，指主語或被修飾的詞本身的感覺。例如:
interesting令人感興趣的interested感到有興趣的
exciting令人感到激動(dòng)的excited感到激動(dòng)的
shocking令人感到震驚的shocked感到震驚的
◆過去分詞、不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別:
1.感官動(dòng)詞(see，look at，watch，notice，observe，hear，listen to，feel)和使役動(dòng)詞(have，let，make)后的賓補(bǔ)有三種形式，即原形動(dòng)詞(不帶to的不定式)，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)完成，不定式表示主動(dòng)和完成。注意:make不能接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。
例如:
I heard her sing a Chinese song jut now.
(表示主動(dòng)，完成)
I heard her singing a Chinese song when I passed by her room last night. (表示正在進(jìn)行)
I heard the Chinese song sung many times. (表示被動(dòng))
The captain got/have the soldiers moving to ward the front after a short rest. ( 不能用make)
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (表示狀態(tài))
I was surprised to find my hometown changed a lot. (表示完成)
2.動(dòng)詞leave后接三種形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，表達(dá)的具體含義是“使……處于某種狀態(tài)”。例如:
It is wrong for you to leave the machine running. (主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行)
The guests left most of the dishes untouched. ( 被動(dòng)，完成)
My workmate left, leaving me to do all the rest work. (主動(dòng)，將來)
My workmate left, leaving all the rest work to be done. (被動(dòng)，將來)
◆過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別:
1.一般來說，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如:
Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a man.
Seeing the mountain, he always thinks of his hometown.
2.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)一般式表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如:
Being helped by the teacher, she will learn English well.
Helped by the teacher, she has learned English well.
3.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)完成式表示先于謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)表示未來的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如:
Having been used for a long time, the watch needs to be mended.
Used in this way，the word shouldn’t be taken as a verb.
Given more time, we will finish the work perfectly.
【錦囊妙計(jì)，戰(zhàn)勝自我】
◆獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致。如果與句子的主語不一致，那么分詞短語就需要有自己的邏輯主語，這就是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是分詞短語意義上的邏輯主語，通常由名詞或代詞來充當(dāng)，放在分詞之前。因?yàn)闆]有實(shí)際的主語和謂語，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，一般放在句首或句末，充當(dāng)時(shí)間、原因、方式等狀語。例如:
Winter having come, it’s getting colder and colder.
The homework finished,the child went home.
His leg badiy hurt,he had to stay in bed.
Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace.
She lay against the wall,the sun shinning upon her.
從例句可以看出，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語是兩個(gè)不同的人或物，因此，分詞前的名詞或代詞不能省略。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以由“with／without + 名詞或代詞 + 分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語”構(gòu)成。例如:
The boy stared at the teacher, with his mouth opon.
With his parents away, the boy became naughtier.
The teacher came into the classroom,with a book in her hand ( = book in hand).
She sat still, with her eyes closed. ( 被動(dòng),狀態(tài))
She sat still, with her eyes looking at the ceiling. (主動(dòng),正在)
With you to help me , I could do it better. (主動(dòng)，將來)
With a lot of problems settled , the mayor went to have a holiday. (被動(dòng)，完成)
With a lot of problems to be settled , the mayor has a hard time. (被動(dòng),將來)
◆垂懸分詞作狀語
垂懸分詞是現(xiàn)在分詞一種特殊用法，其邏輯主語是句子非主語部分中指人或物的某一名詞或代詞，或泛指“我們”。例如:
Searching along the street, it had taken him along time to find a clinic. ( searching 的邏輯主語是句中him 所指的人)
Walking or sleeping, this subject is always in my mind. (walking or sleeping 的邏輯主語是句中my所指的“我”)
Using the electric energy,
it is necessary to change its form. ( using 的邏輯主語泛指“我們”)
易錯(cuò)起源2、非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
例2．(2024·福建)
(learn)more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
【變式探究】—Is Bob still performing?
—I’m afraid not. He is said __ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left
B. to leave
C. to have been left
D. to be left
【名師點(diǎn)睛】
動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，一般使用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，形式有一般式和完成式(進(jìn)行式?jīng)]有被動(dòng)式)。例如：
Her father disappeared，never to be heard from again．(hear from和his father之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
The book is sid to have been tramlated into many languages．(translate和the book之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
注意：不定式中使用主動(dòng)代替被動(dòng)的情況：
(1)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。例如:
I haven’t got a key to unlock the door.(to unlock the door的邏輯主語是a key)
(2)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和主語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。例如:
I haven’t got a book to read．(I為不定式的邏輯主語，a book為不定式的邏輯賓語)
(3)不定式作賓語形容詞的狀語，和句中的主語構(gòu)成了邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，不定式多用主動(dòng)，實(shí)際上形容詞后省略了for one或for people。例如：
The book is difficult (for me) to understand.
He is hard ( for me) to work with.
(4)在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果考慮必須有人去完成某事時(shí)，用主動(dòng)；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)事情本身必須完成時(shí)，用被動(dòng)。例如:
There is a lot of to be done. (工作被作)
There is a lot of to do. (需要人去做)
【錦囊妙計(jì)，戰(zhàn)勝自我】
動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
動(dòng)名詞一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或是在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，則用動(dòng)名詞的完成式。如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯這樣是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，這時(shí)用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。例如:
We are interested in playing chess. (同時(shí))
She is looking forward to hearing from you again. (之后)
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. (之前)
The little boy was afraid of being left at home alone. (被動(dòng))
The house showed no sign of having been damaged.(之前，被動(dòng))
易錯(cuò)起源3、非謂語動(dòng)詞的固定搭配
例3．(2024·陜西)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne
Benedict went on
(thank)all the people who had helped in her career.
【變式探究】—What should I do with this passage?
—___ to the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Finding out
B. Found out
C. Find out
D. To find out
【錦囊妙計(jì)，戰(zhàn)勝自我】
英語中非謂語動(dòng)詞的固定搭配是因詞而定，沒有固定的規(guī)律。考生只有牢記它們的形式，才能成功破題。
1.下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語后面只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語:
admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider (考慮) , delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss(錯(cuò)過), practice, risk, resist, suggest, suffer等動(dòng)詞;
be used to(習(xí)慣于), insist on, can’t help(情不自禁) , can’t stand (無法忍受), give up, feel like, keep on, look forward to, put off, devote to,stick to, object to, thank you for, be busy (in) , get down to, lead to, see to, have difficult/trouble (in),have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)等動(dòng)詞組。
2.下列動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語后面能接動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別：
forget／remember／regret to do忘記／記住／后悔去做某事
forget／remember／regret doing忘記／記得／后悔已經(jīng)做過某事
stop to do停下來接著做另一件事stop doing停止做一件事
mean to do意欲、企圖做某事mean doing意味著做某事
