2024同步攻關(guān)高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)案：語法部分 第10講 名詞性從句
第10講 名詞性從句
【定義】一個(gè)句子在另一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、同位語，相當(dāng)于名詞，故稱為名詞性從句。
【四大從句】名詞性從句分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
一、主語從句
一個(gè)句子在另一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)主語，即句子充當(dāng)主語，該句子稱為主語從句。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, why, when, what)
(1) That he will succeed is certain.
(2) Whether he will go there is not known.
(3) What he said is not true.
(4) When the meeting will be held has not been decided yet.
【結(jié)論】 ①that－從句，從句為一個(gè)句意完整的陳述句，沒有具體意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起標(biāo)志性作用，但that 不能省略。
②whether －從句，從句來源于一般疑問句，whether不能省略，意為“是否”，不能用if替換。
③特殊疑問詞－從句，從句來源于特殊疑問句，特殊疑問詞不能省略，意思為特殊疑問詞本來的意思，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。
【疑難1】Who he is is none of my business.
【疑難剖析1】任何從句要用陳述句語序，即主謂語序。
【疑難2】That he likes English is known to us all.
What he said at the meeting made me sad.
【疑難剖析2】主句時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)為過去的某一時(shí)態(tài)；主句時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)視具體情況而定。
【疑難3】That 2010 Asian Games are successful is known to all.
【疑難剖析3】單個(gè)句子作主語，視為單數(shù)。
【疑難3】It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
【疑難剖析3】1．主語從句通常由it充當(dāng)形式主語，而本身放在句子末尾。
2．it作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
it作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who / whom。
3. 用it 作形式主語的常用結(jié)構(gòu)
① It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句
It is a fact that…事實(shí)是……
It is an honor that…非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that………是常識
②It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句
It is natural that…很自然……
It is strange that…奇怪的是……
③It is ＋ 不及物動詞 ＋ 從句
It seems that…似乎……
It happened that…碰巧……
It appears that…似乎……
④It ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ 從句
It is reported that…據(jù)報(bào)道……
It has been proved that…已證實(shí)……
It is said that…據(jù)說……
【疑難5】It is said that Chairman Hu will visit our school next week. (√)
That Chairman Hu will visit our school next week is said. (×)
【疑難剖析5】主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：
1. if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可位于復(fù)合句句首。
2. It is said
/ reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。
3. It happens / occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (√)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (×)
4. It doesn't matter how / whether…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. (√)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (×)
5. 含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語從句不可提前。
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening？(√)
Is that will rain in the evening likely？(×)
【疑難6】 what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
What you said yesterday is right.
That she is still alive is a consolation.
【疑難剖析6】 what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語，而that則不充當(dāng)任何成分。
二、賓語從句
在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句是賓語從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞 (及物動詞)或介詞之后。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, where, what，who)
(5)I heard that he joined the army.
(6)①She did not know what had happened.
②I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(7)She told me that she would accept my invitation.
【結(jié)論9】①由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略)，that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。
②由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，what在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。
③whether (if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用，意為“是否”。
【疑難1】引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)if和whether的區(qū)別
I asked her if / whether she had a bike.
They discussed whether they will go back right now.
We're worried about whether he is safe.
I don't know whether or not he will come.
I don't know whether to go.
【疑難剖析1】引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)用if和whether都可以，但有只用whether的特殊情況：動詞discuss后；介詞后；whether與or not連用時(shí)； whether to do。
【疑難2】I am afraid (that) I've made a mistake.
【疑難剖析2】作形容詞的賓語時(shí)，可以省略that。
【注意】下列形容詞后常跟that引導(dǎo)的從句作賓語：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。(有時(shí)也將此類詞后的that 從句看作原因狀語從句。 )
【疑難3】We heard it that she would get married next month.
【疑難剖析3】it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語，而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾(特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中)。
【疑難4】I admire their winning the match. (√)
I admire that they won the match. (×)
【疑難剖析4】后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞有：
allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
【疑難5】He impressed the manager as an honest man. (√)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (×)
【疑難剖析5】有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that－從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，這類動詞常見的有envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress，forgive，blame，denounce，advise，congratulate等。
【疑難6】我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。
I don't think this dress fits you well.
【疑難剖析6】否定的轉(zhuǎn)移：若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。
三、表語從句
在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句為表語從句，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意填空
(8) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
(9) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
(10) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
(11) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
【結(jié)論1】
①完整陳述句充當(dāng)表語時(shí)用that引導(dǎo)，且不可省略；
②表“是否”含義時(shí)用whether；
③語義不完整時(shí)根據(jù)情況選用對應(yīng)的特殊疑問詞，如what，when，where，why等；
④兩種特殊句型：the reason is that…和It is because…等結(jié)構(gòu)。
四、同位語從句
在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句為同位語從句。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意選詞填空
(12) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
(13) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
【結(jié)論】同位語從句對名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，可以接同位語從句的名詞主要有：fact, information, problem, decision, suggestion, proposal, order等。
【疑難1】同位語在句子中的位置
He got the news from Mary than the sports meeting was put off.
【疑難剖析1】同位語從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。
【疑難2】同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.
他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.
湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。
【疑難剖析2】 (1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)可以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述名詞的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。
第10講 名詞性從句
【定義】一個(gè)句子在另一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、同位語，相當(dāng)于名詞，故稱為名詞性從句。
【四大從句】名詞性從句分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
一、主語從句
一個(gè)句子在另一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)主語，即句子充當(dāng)主語，該句子稱為主語從句。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, why, when, what)
(1) That he will succeed is certain.
(2) Whether he will go there is not known.
(3) What he said is not true.
(4) When the meeting will be held has not been decided yet.
【結(jié)論】 ①that－從句，從句為一個(gè)句意完整的陳述句，沒有具體意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起標(biāo)志性作用，但that 不能省略。
②whether －從句，從句來源于一般疑問句，whether不能省略，意為“是否”，不能用if替換。
③特殊疑問詞－從句，從句來源于特殊疑問句，特殊疑問詞不能省略，意思為特殊疑問詞本來的意思，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。
【疑難1】Who he is is none of my business.
【疑難剖析1】任何從句要用陳述句語序，即主謂語序。
【疑難2】That he likes English is known to us all.
What he said at the meeting made me sad.
【疑難剖析2】主句時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)為過去的某一時(shí)態(tài)；主句時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)視具體情況而定。
【疑難3】That 2010 Asian Games are successful is known to all.
【疑難剖析3】單個(gè)句子作主語，視為單數(shù)。
【疑難3】It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.
It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
【疑難剖析3】1．主語從句通常由it充當(dāng)形式主語，而本身放在句子末尾。
2．it作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
it作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who / whom。
3. 用it 作形式主語的常用結(jié)構(gòu)
① It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句
It is a fact that…事實(shí)是……
It is an honor that…非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that………是常識
②It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句
It is natural that…很自然……
It is strange that…奇怪的是……
③It is ＋ 不及物動詞 ＋ 從句
It seems that…似乎……
It happened that…碰巧……
It appears that…似乎……
④It ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ 從句
It is reported that…據(jù)報(bào)道……
It has been proved that…已證實(shí)……
It is said that…據(jù)說……
【疑難5】It is said that Chairman Hu will visit our school next week. (√)
That Chairman Hu will visit our school next week is said. (×)
【疑難剖析5】主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：
1. if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可位于復(fù)合句句首。
2. It is said
/ reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。
3. It happens / occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (√)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (×)
4. It doesn't matter how / whether…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。
It doesn't matter whether he is wrong or not. (√)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn't matter. (×)
5. 含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語從句不可提前。
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening？(√)
Is that will rain in the evening likely？(×)
【疑難6】 what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
What you said yesterday is right.
That she is still alive is a consolation.
【疑難剖析6】 what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語，而that則不充當(dāng)任何成分。
二、賓語從句
在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句是賓語從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞 (及物動詞)或介詞之后。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意選詞填空(that, if, whether, where, what，who)
(5)I heard that he joined the army.
(6)①She did not know what had happened.
②I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(7)She told me that she would accept my invitation.
【結(jié)論9】①由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略)，that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。
②由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，what在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。
③whether (if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用，意為“是否”。
【疑難1】引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)if和whether的區(qū)別
I asked her if / whether she had a bike.
They discussed whether they will go back right now.
We're worried about whether he is safe.
I don't know whether or not he will come.
I don't know whether to go.
【疑難剖析1】引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)用if和whether都可以，但有只用whether的特殊情況：動詞discuss后；介詞后；whether與or not連用時(shí)； whether to do。
【疑難2】I am afraid (that) I've made a mistake.
【疑難剖析2】作形容詞的賓語時(shí)，可以省略that。
【注意】下列形容詞后常跟that引導(dǎo)的從句作賓語：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content等。(有時(shí)也將此類詞后的that 從句看作原因狀語從句。 )
【疑難3】We heard it that she would get married next month.
【疑難剖析3】it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語，而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾(特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中)。
【疑難4】I admire their winning the match. (√)
I admire that they won the match. (×)
【疑難剖析4】后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞有：
allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
【疑難5】He impressed the manager as an honest man. (√)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (×)
【疑難剖析5】有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that－從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，這類動詞常見的有envy，order，accuse，refuse，impress，forgive，blame，denounce，advise，congratulate等。
【疑難6】我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。
I don't think this dress fits you well.
【疑難剖析6】否定的轉(zhuǎn)移：若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。
三、表語從句
在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句為表語從句，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意填空
(8) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
(9) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
(10) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
(11) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
【結(jié)論1】
①完整陳述句充當(dāng)表語時(shí)用that引導(dǎo)，且不可省略；
②表“是否”含義時(shí)用whether；
③語義不完整時(shí)根據(jù)情況選用對應(yīng)的特殊疑問詞，如what，when，where，why等；
④兩種特殊句型：the reason is that…和It is because…等結(jié)構(gòu)。
四、同位語從句
在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句為同位語從句。
【完成例句】
根據(jù)句意選詞填空
(12) The king's decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
(13) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
【結(jié)論】同位語從句對名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，可以接同位語從句的名詞主要有：fact, information, problem, decision, suggestion, proposal, order等。
【疑難1】同位語在句子中的位置
He got the news from Mary than the sports meeting was put off.
【疑難剖析1】同位語從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。
【疑難2】同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.
他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.
湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。
【疑難剖析2】 (1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)可以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述名詞的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞的具體內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。
