2024屆高考英語臨考沖刺高分之路：推理判斷

　　每篇文章都有一定的寫作目的，作者往往期待讀者讀了文章后知道應當怎樣去做某些事情或按某種方式思考問題。這層意思通常并不是在文章申明確表達出來，而是隱含在文章之中。這就要求讀者在閱讀過程中去溝通外現(xiàn)的和內含的，已述的和未述的含義。這就需要仔細的閱讀和認真的思考，在通盤理解文章的基礎上去領會作者的言外之意，去掌握語言的微妙之處，真正欣賞和理解閱讀的東西；閱讀中的推論是很常見的，我們所讀的一切幾乎都可以做出程度不同的推論。

　　凡推斷出的內容在文章中都沒有明確敘述，但卻暗含在文字之中。因此在進行推斷時，必須以有關的文字部分作為推理的前提和依據(jù)。所謂推斷，指根據(jù)推測而加以判斷；而推測總是根據(jù)已知的信息推斷出未知的信息。即把有關的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推理的有關文字部分可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精確的推斷，必須注意以下四點。

　　1．細心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各個方面。

　　2．分析已知的信息，用正確的觀點，借助于一些常識，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本質。

　　3．注意詞、句子的本義和與之有關的其他意義。

　　4．根據(jù)己知信息，即短文或有關的文字部分，做出的推斷必須與作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的觀點取代作者的原意。

　　推理判斷往往包括數(shù)據(jù)事實推斷，常識推斷，邏輯結論以及推斷作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度、傾；向等幾種類型。

　　1．數(shù)據(jù)事實推斷：這種推斷常常針對某一個或幾個具體細節(jié)。是比較簡單的推斷。首先在原文中找到據(jù)以推理的有關文字部分，對與數(shù)字有關的推斷，只需簡單推算，即可得出結果。對與事實有關的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。

　　例題：

　　House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955:

　　Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was

　　as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it.

　　A. about ten times

　　B. twice

　　C. 150 percent

　　D. fifteen times

　　2)Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it (利潤)of______.

　　A. ￡2,900

　　B. ￡8,典型例題 ￡7,典型例題

　　D. ￡18,典型例題Of all the tenants,who earned most?

　　A. The Whites.

　　B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black.

　　D. Mr White.

　　4)When did Mrs Black buy the house?

　　A. 1971.

　　B. 1972

　　C. 1968.

　　D. 1959

　　5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace

　　A. for four years

　　B. for nine years

　　C. between 1971 and 1972

　　D. before 1955

　　6)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_______.

　　A．￡28，000

　　B．￡18，000

　　C．￡30，000

　　D．￡25，100

　　以上各題的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1題的正確答案須從“In 1955，JaneGrey s典型例題￡2，000，”“…inl972，the house is valued at￡30，000；”這兩句話推知，D項對。第2題的正確答案應從“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for￡22，9500'得知D項對。第3題的正確答案應從“…Jane Grey sold for￡2，000．

　　Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWhitefOr￡22，950．”推知，MrsBlack獲利最多。第4題須從“Mrs Bosena Black…and sold it nine years…NOW four years later，inl972…．”得知Mrs Black是在1959年買的房子，故D項為正確答案。第5題可從“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for￡2，000．”推知D項正確。第6題須從“Mrs Bowena Black．．．￡4，900”“．．．the house is valued at￡30，000”兩句話推知D項為正確答案。

　　2．常識推斷：有些時候，文章里并沒有提供任何可據(jù)以推斷的材料，或雖有提供，但卻不足以推出正確的未知事實。這時便須根據(jù)平常積累的有關知識來進行推斷。

　　例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

　　If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)--that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard.

　　B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool.

　　B. To make it brittl

　　從文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”這一信息還不足以推出正確答案。然后根據(jù)物理常識，在制造各種工具時，往往采取淬火這一工藝，其目的是使金屬變硬以便制成鋒利的工具。即可推出選項A為正確答案。

　　3．邏輯結論：這類推斷比前兩種困難得多。在閱讀過程中，讀者必須對文章的全部事實或細節(jié)作通盤考慮，從而得出合乎邏輯的結論。結論是根據(jù)事實作出的惟一決定。要想從一個句子，一個段落或一篇文章中得出正確的結論，讀者必須學會善于思考，不斷提高自己的邏輯思維能力。

　　例

　　Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however.

　　The story suggests that tubing________.

　　A. should not be done in moving water

　　B. is done mainly by truck drivers

　　C. costs a lot of money

　　D. can be dangerous

　　根據(jù)文中內容數(shù)百人乘坐著舊卡車，輪胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，顛簸而可怕，可推知這項運動是十分危險的。D項為正確答案。

　　4．推斷作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度，文章的語氣等：這類推斷要求對論述對象持何種態(tài)度、思想傾向作出判斷。如作者對所陳述的觀點是贊成，還是反對，對記敘或描寫的人或事等是喜歡，或是厭惡；是同情或是冷漠。作者的這種態(tài)度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間，或者流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此要做好這類推斷須綜觀全文，掌握主題思想，并以此為推理的前提，還要注意文章的措辭，把握文章論述的基調。

　　例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.

　　Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes.

　　Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn't ask questions? he answers questions. He never says, "I don't know."

　　I don't know Mm Neff. It seems that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?

　　Does she have problems? I wonder.

　　1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait (特性) of Mr Neffs

　　character?

　　A. He is a very wise man.

　　B. He plans everything well.

　　C. He is moral and upright.

　　D. He is very satisfied with himself.

　　2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff?

　　A. She probably obeys her husband in everything.

　　B. She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband.

　　C. She probably quarrels with her husband all the time.

　　D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband.

　　3)Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude towards Mr Neff?

　　A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand.

　　B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful.

　　C. He feels pity for Mr Neff.

　　D. He does not like Mr Neff.

　　以上各題的答案均沒有直接表述在短文里，必須從字里行間悟出作者的言外之意。本文記敘的是一位一貫正確的人Mr Neff。根據(jù)這一主題，可推知他對自己的一切都很滿意。第 1題選項D為正確答案。從Mr Neff事事正確，而Mr Neff又鮮為人知出發(fā)，可得出結論 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服從于她丈夫這一事實，故第2題A為正確項。盡管短文中沒有直接陳述作者對MrNeff這一人物的態(tài)度，但從主題思想和某些措辭中仍可悟出作者對Mr Neff很討厭這一事實。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never”，一詞，并還寫到．．．Even if he does miss them，it is alway Sthe fault of the buses of the airplanes．”等來暗示他對Mr Neff的厭惡之情，故第3題D為正確答案。

　　在閱讀理解題中，有關針對段落或短文的特定細節(jié)、主題思想、常識，以及作者的寫作態(tài)度、目的等的推斷題，常見題型有：

　　1. We can infer from the passage (paragraph, fact, example... ) that_______.

　　2. The writer suggests that_______.

　　3. From the passage (paragraph, story... ), we can tell_______.

　　4. The passage implies, but does not directly state that_______.

　　5. We may conclude from the passage that_______.

　　6. The writer's (author's) attitude toward is_______.

　　7. The tone of the passage is_______.

　　Ⅰ高考最新熱門題

　　1.(典型例題

　　Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile isand, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles west of its nearest neighour, ST. Helena,and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discov- ered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將)of the same name in 15典型例題settled in 1810, the isand belongs to Great Britain and has a population of few hundred.

　　Coming in a close second--and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land--is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.

　　The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around ther 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.

　　On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領土). They share one street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.

　　1. It can be learned from the text that the island of tristan da Cunha_______.

　　A. was named after its discoverer

　　B. got its name from Holland settlers

　　C. was named by the British govenment

　　D. got its name from the Guinness Book of Records

　　2. Wich of the following is most famous for moai?

　　A. Tristan da Cunha.

　　B. Pitcairn Island

　　C. Easter Island.

　　D. St. Helena.

　　3. Which country does Easter Island belong to?

　　A. Britain.

　　B. Hollland.

　　C. Portugal.

　　D. Chile

　　命題目的與解題技巧：本文的命題目的考查學生推理判斷能力。做這類題的技巧在于：首先在原文中找到據(jù)以推理的有關文字部分，借助于一些常識，然后加以分析推理，最終作出判斷。

　　解析：本文介紹了TristandaCunha島的來歷，地理位置及人們的生活狀況。

　　答案：1．A

　　這是一道推斷題。從第一段第三句，這小島名字是以島嶼發(fā)現(xiàn)者的名字來命名的。

　　2．C

　　這理一道細節(jié)推斷題，可從第二段、第三段，尤其是第三段第二句找到，Easterlsland(復活節(jié)島)是智利在南太平洋上的一個小島。

　　3．D

　　這是一道細節(jié)推斷題，可從第四段找到。請留意該段中的On Easter Sunday(在復活節(jié)上)，暗示了Easter Island (復活節(jié)島)。此外，該段有on the Chilean territory(智利領土)的字樣，就很容易判斷出該哪一個答案了。

　　2.(典型例題

　　Garmes will rock to the sound of a cancan dance this year when Moulin Rouge by the Australian director Baz Luhnnann opens the French film festival (電影節(jié)) in May. The musical stars Nicole Kidman as a singer, and John Leguizamo as the artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. It will be competing for the Paime d'Or, the festival's top prize.

　　The festival runs to May 21.

　　The American actor Tommy Lee Jones, 54, has married his longtime girlfriend. Dawn Maria Laurel, 36, in a private wedding in San Antonio. "It wasn't a big todo,' said Fred Biery, a U. S. District Judge who performed the service. He refused to discuss things further. "These are very private people," he said.

　　Loretta Lynn is being treated for a very bad cold in Tennessee and will miss several appearances. The country singer, 65, was admitted to a hospital near her home in Hurricane Mills. "She is in good condition, but the doctors are watching her closely," a spokeswoman said.

　　The French-Algerian singer Enrico Macias was named a United Nations peace messenger. Enrico joins eight other people who act as goodwill envoys(使者) for the United Nations, among them are the writer Elie Wiesel and the basketball player Magic Johnson.

　　1. We can learn from the text that Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is_______.

　　A. a figure in a film

　　B. a dancer in a show

　　C. a country singer

　　D. a prize winner

　　2. We know from the text that_______.

　　A. Moulin Rouge won the top prize in a film festival

　　B. Loretta Lynn is under the doctors' care

　　D. eight people serve as the UN goodwill envoys

　　D. Fred Biery was Tommy Lee Jones's assistant

　　3. This text most probably appears in_______.

　　A. a book on film stars

　　B. a film review in a magazine

　　C. a newspaper

　　D. a notice

　　Passage 1 (典型例題

　　Giving Back Fair Way

　　The Westborough High School golf team had taken the of- ficial photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappoint- ed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough in- structor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won.

　　"No one would have known, "said Woburn's instructor, Bob Doraru For Rota, it wasn't a difficult decision." The prize wasn't ours to take. '

　　"Coin Stars"

　　"College students are lazy, but they also want to help" says University of Pennsylvania graduate Dana Hork. So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins, and handing out cups to first-year students to keep in their rooms. Her" Change for Change" effort has collected $ 40,000 for charities (慈善機構) , which were decided upon by students. Never Forgotten A school in Massachusetts received a $ 9. 5 million check from Jacques LeBermuth But it took officials several days of digging to discover his connection to the school Records showed the LeBermuth came from Belgium and studied in the school in the 1920s. When his family fell on hard times, he was offered free room and board. LeBermuth became a trader, owned shares of AT&T and lived off the earnings until he died, at age 89.