新托福TPO 18綜合寫作訓練詳細解析：怎樣防止香榧數量下降
閱讀材料：
In the 1950s Torreya Taxifolia, a type of evergreen tree once very common in the state of Florida started to die out. No one is sure exactly what caused the decline, but chances are good that if nothing is done, Torreya will soon become extinct. Experts are considering three ways to address the decline of Torreya.
在佛羅里達州，佛羅里達香榧是一種非常常見的常綠喬木。從1950年代開始，佛羅里達香榧數量開始減少，并瀕于滅絕。目前尚不清楚導致其瀕危的確切原因，但是如果不采取任何行動的話，香榧很可能會滅絕。目前，專家們提出了三個方式去解決香榧數量下降。
The first option is to reestablish Torreya in the same location in which it thrived for thousands of years. Torreya used to be found in abundance in the northern part of Florida, which has a specific microclimate. A microclimate exists when weather conditions inside a relatively small area differs from the region of which that area is a part. Northern Floridas microclimate is very favorable to Torreyas growth. This microclimate is wetter and cooler than the surrounding regions relatively dry, warm climate. Scientists have been working to plant Torreya seeds in the coolest, dampest areas of the microclimate.
第一個選擇是把香榧重新種植在它們已經茂盛生長數千年的原生長地。在擁有特殊微氣候的北佛羅里達，香榧樹曾經數量眾多。所謂微氣候是指在一片獨立區域內，內部一小部分地區的氣候狀況同該區域有區別。而被佛羅里達的微氣候非常時候香榧的生長。該地區同周圍干熱的氣候不同，是非常潮濕和涼爽的。科學家計劃在擁有最冷和最潮濕微氣候的地區種植香榧。
The second option is to move Torreya to an entirely different location, far from its Florida microclimate. Torrey seeds and saplings have been successfully plated and growth in forests further north, where the temperature is significantly cooler. Some scientists believe that Torreya probably thrived in areas much further north in the distant past, so by relocating it now, in a process known as assisted migration, humans would simply be helping Torreya return to an environment that is more suited to its survival.
第二個選擇是把香榧移植到完全不同的地區，該地區遠離其原生的微氣候。目前，香榧的種子和幼苗在佛羅里達州北部很遠的地方可以生長，那里相對來說冷很多。有些科學家相信在離原生地很遠的北方，香榧或許可以茂盛生長。所以，如果現在進行輔助遷移，也就是說把香榧移到北方，那么人們可能就這么簡單地幫助香榧重新找到適合它們生存的環境。
The third option is to preserve Torreya in research centers. Seeds and saplings can be moved from the wild and preserved in a closely monitored environment where it will be easier for scientists both to protect the species and conduct research on Torreya. This research can then be used to ensure the continued survival of the species.
第三個選擇是把香榧保存在研究中心。把種子和幼苗從野外移植并保護在研究中心這樣一個嚴格人工監視的環境里。這樣，既方便科學家的保護該物種，同時也方便研究香榧。而所進行的研究可以有助于該物種持續的存活發展。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 專家提出三種方法來解決香榧樹數量減少、瀕于滅絕的問題
- Sub point 1: 在原地種植香榧樹
- Sub point 2: 把香榧移到比原生地往北的地方
- Sub point 3: 把香榧移到研究中心
聽力材料：
Youve just read about three ways to save Torreya Taxifolia. Unfortunately, none of these three options provides a satisfactory solution.
你夢剛剛聽到了三種保護佛羅里達香榧樹的方法。很遺憾，這三個方法都不能解決這個問題。
About the first solution reestablishing Torreya in the same location thats unlikely to be successful, because of whats happening to the coolest dampest areas within Torreyas micro-climate. These areas are being strongly affected by changes in the climate of the larger region. This could be because global warming has contributed to an increase in overall temperatures in the region or because wetlands throughout Florida have been drained. Either way, many areas across the region are becoming dries, so its unlikely that Torrey would have the conditions it needs to survive anywhere within its original Florida micro-climate.
先說第一個方法。在原地種植香榧樹是不可行的。這是因為原來適合香榧生長的濕冷微氣候已經發生了變化。這些地方的微氣候受到了整個大區域氣候變化的嚴重影響。這可能是因為全球變暖導致了該地區整體溫度的上升，也可能是因為整個佛羅里達地區的濕地變干。無論是那種原因，該區域的很多地方都變得很干旱，同原來香榧樹生長的佛羅里達微氣候已經不同。
Now about the second solution, relocating Torreya far from where it currently grows. Well, lets look at what happened when humans helped another tree, the black locust tree, move north to a new environment. When they did this, some of these plants and trees were themselves already in danger of becoming extinct.
現在說一下第二個方法，就是把香榧種在遠離它們原來生長地的區域。恩，讓我們看看人類幫助另一種樹的。人們把洋槐樹向北移，移到了一個全新的環境。這么做了之后，當地一些本來已經瀕危的植物或者樹木因而滅絕了。
Third, research centers are probably not a solution either. Thats because the population of Torreya trees that can be kept in the centers will probably not be able to resist diseases. For a population of trees to survive a disease, it needs to be relatively large and it needs to be genetically diverse. Tree populations in the wild usually satisfy those criteria, but research centers would simply not have enough capacity to keep a large and diverse population of Torreya trees. So, trees in such centers will not be capable of surviving diseases in the long term.
第三，移到研究中心也不是一個有效的方法。這是因為研究中心能夠保護的香榧的數量不足以幫助香榧抵御病蟲害。如果一種樹木想要抵御病蟲害，就需要它的數量達到一定規模，并且具有基因多樣性。在野外生長的樹木一般可以滿足這些要求，但是研究中心沒有能力保護數量足夠多，基因足夠多樣化的香榧樹。所以，長期看來，這樣的研究中心是不能保證香榧樹抵抗病蟲害的。
聽力部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 三種方法都不能解決問題
- Sub point 1: 原有氣候已經不適合香榧生長
- Sub point 2: 往北遷移可能會因生態入侵造成其他物種滅絕
- Sub point 3: 研究中心承載能力有限，不能確保香榧能抵抗病蟲害。
閱讀材料：
In the 1950s Torreya Taxifolia, a type of evergreen tree once very common in the state of Florida started to die out. No one is sure exactly what caused the decline, but chances are good that if nothing is done, Torreya will soon become extinct. Experts are considering three ways to address the decline of Torreya.
在佛羅里達州，佛羅里達香榧是一種非常常見的常綠喬木。從1950年代開始，佛羅里達香榧數量開始減少，并瀕于滅絕。目前尚不清楚導致其瀕危的確切原因，但是如果不采取任何行動的話，香榧很可能會滅絕。目前，專家們提出了三個方式去解決香榧數量下降。
The first option is to reestablish Torreya in the same location in which it thrived for thousands of years. Torreya used to be found in abundance in the northern part of Florida, which has a specific microclimate. A microclimate exists when weather conditions inside a relatively small area differs from the region of which that area is a part. Northern Floridas microclimate is very favorable to Torreyas growth. This microclimate is wetter and cooler than the surrounding regions relatively dry, warm climate. Scientists have been working to plant Torreya seeds in the coolest, dampest areas of the microclimate.
第一個選擇是把香榧重新種植在它們已經茂盛生長數千年的原生長地。在擁有特殊微氣候的北佛羅里達，香榧樹曾經數量眾多。所謂微氣候是指在一片獨立區域內，內部一小部分地區的氣候狀況同該區域有區別。而被佛羅里達的微氣候非常時候香榧的生長。該地區同周圍干熱的氣候不同，是非常潮濕和涼爽的。科學家計劃在擁有最冷和最潮濕微氣候的地區種植香榧。
The second option is to move Torreya to an entirely different location, far from its Florida microclimate. Torrey seeds and saplings have been successfully plated and growth in forests further north, where the temperature is significantly cooler. Some scientists believe that Torreya probably thrived in areas much further north in the distant past, so by relocating it now, in a process known as assisted migration, humans would simply be helping Torreya return to an environment that is more suited to its survival.
第二個選擇是把香榧移植到完全不同的地區，該地區遠離其原生的微氣候。目前，香榧的種子和幼苗在佛羅里達州北部很遠的地方可以生長，那里相對來說冷很多。有些科學家相信在離原生地很遠的北方，香榧或許可以茂盛生長。所以，如果現在進行輔助遷移，也就是說把香榧移到北方，那么人們可能就這么簡單地幫助香榧重新找到適合它們生存的環境。
The third option is to preserve Torreya in research centers. Seeds and saplings can be moved from the wild and preserved in a closely monitored environment where it will be easier for scientists both to protect the species and conduct research on Torreya. This research can then be used to ensure the continued survival of the species.
第三個選擇是把香榧保存在研究中心。把種子和幼苗從野外移植并保護在研究中心這樣一個嚴格人工監視的環境里。這樣，既方便科學家的保護該物種，同時也方便研究香榧。而所進行的研究可以有助于該物種持續的存活發展。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 專家提出三種方法來解決香榧樹數量減少、瀕于滅絕的問題
- Sub point 1: 在原地種植香榧樹
- Sub point 2: 把香榧移到比原生地往北的地方
- Sub point 3: 把香榧移到研究中心
聽力材料：
Youve just read about three ways to save Torreya Taxifolia. Unfortunately, none of these three options provides a satisfactory solution.
你夢剛剛聽到了三種保護佛羅里達香榧樹的方法。很遺憾，這三個方法都不能解決這個問題。
About the first solution reestablishing Torreya in the same location thats unlikely to be successful, because of whats happening to the coolest dampest areas within Torreyas micro-climate. These areas are being strongly affected by changes in the climate of the larger region. This could be because global warming has contributed to an increase in overall temperatures in the region or because wetlands throughout Florida have been drained. Either way, many areas across the region are becoming dries, so its unlikely that Torrey would have the conditions it needs to survive anywhere within its original Florida micro-climate.
先說第一個方法。在原地種植香榧樹是不可行的。這是因為原來適合香榧生長的濕冷微氣候已經發生了變化。這些地方的微氣候受到了整個大區域氣候變化的嚴重影響。這可能是因為全球變暖導致了該地區整體溫度的上升，也可能是因為整個佛羅里達地區的濕地變干。無論是那種原因，該區域的很多地方都變得很干旱，同原來香榧樹生長的佛羅里達微氣候已經不同。
Now about the second solution, relocating Torreya far from where it currently grows. Well, lets look at what happened when humans helped another tree, the black locust tree, move north to a new environment. When they did this, some of these plants and trees were themselves already in danger of becoming extinct.
現在說一下第二個方法，就是把香榧種在遠離它們原來生長地的區域。恩，讓我們看看人類幫助另一種樹的。人們把洋槐樹向北移，移到了一個全新的環境。這么做了之后，當地一些本來已經瀕危的植物或者樹木因而滅絕了。
Third, research centers are probably not a solution either. Thats because the population of Torreya trees that can be kept in the centers will probably not be able to resist diseases. For a population of trees to survive a disease, it needs to be relatively large and it needs to be genetically diverse. Tree populations in the wild usually satisfy those criteria, but research centers would simply not have enough capacity to keep a large and diverse population of Torreya trees. So, trees in such centers will not be capable of surviving diseases in the long term.
第三，移到研究中心也不是一個有效的方法。這是因為研究中心能夠保護的香榧的數量不足以幫助香榧抵御病蟲害。如果一種樹木想要抵御病蟲害，就需要它的數量達到一定規模，并且具有基因多樣性。在野外生長的樹木一般可以滿足這些要求，但是研究中心沒有能力保護數量足夠多，基因足夠多樣化的香榧樹。所以，長期看來，這樣的研究中心是不能保證香榧樹抵抗病蟲害的。
聽力部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 三種方法都不能解決問題
- Sub point 1: 原有氣候已經不適合香榧生長
- Sub point 2: 往北遷移可能會因生態入侵造成其他物種滅絕
- Sub point 3: 研究中心承載能力有限，不能確保香榧能抵抗病蟲害。
