2023考研英語(yǔ)閱讀美國(guó)研發(fā)戰(zhàn)略
R D in America
美國(guó)研發(fā)戰(zhàn)略
Bad medicine
醫(yī)學(xué)受阻
Cutting American health research will harm theworld
美國(guó)削減醫(yī)藥研究經(jīng)費(fèi)，影響波及整個(gè)地球
BARACK OBAMA, in his state-of-the-union speech on February 12th, called for a new era ofscientific discovery.
2月12日，巴拉克奧巴馬在國(guó)情咨文演講中號(hào)召人民開(kāi)啟科研成果新紀(jì)元。
Now is the time to reach a level of research and development not seen since the height of thespace race, he declared.
他宣布:自太空競(jìng)賽取勝以來(lái)，我們始終未能將科技研發(fā)推向一個(gè)新高度，現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候了。
He praised projects to map the human brain and accelerate regenerative medicine.
他還表?yè)P(yáng)了大腦活動(dòng)圖譜繪制工程和再生醫(yī)學(xué)提速項(xiàng)目。
This would mean spending more on research.
這意味著他打算在科研上投入更多的經(jīng)費(fèi)。
As The Economist went to press, America s government was about to do the opposite.
本期《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》付印時(shí)，美國(guó)政府正欲背道而馳。
Federal spending is due to be cut on March 1st, the result of a long brawl over the deficit.
赤字當(dāng)前，各政客長(zhǎng)期意見(jiàn)不合，導(dǎo)致聯(lián)邦自動(dòng)減支于3月1日強(qiáng)制啟動(dòng)。
Complex politics triggered this sequester but the sequester itself is brutally simple.
政局復(fù)雜導(dǎo)致了財(cái)政封存，但是財(cái)政封存卻簡(jiǎn)單得要命。
America will cut 85 billion from this year s budget, split between military and non-militaryprogrammes.
美國(guó)將在本年度預(yù)算中削減850億美元，由軍事開(kāi)支和非軍事開(kāi)支共同分擔(dān)。
Among the areas to be squeezed is R D, and medical research in particular.
研發(fā)項(xiàng)目開(kāi)支也將被削減，而醫(yī)學(xué)研究首當(dāng)其沖。
For years America has enjoyed pre-eminence in research, but this is fading.
美國(guó)歷年都在科研方面獨(dú)占鰲頭，但現(xiàn)在她龍頭的光環(huán)越來(lái)越小。
Chinese investment more than quintupled from 2000 to 2010, to 160 billion, in 2005 prices.
以2005年價(jià)格核算，2010年中國(guó)的研發(fā)投資是2000年的5倍多，達(dá)1600億美元;
America s RD spending rose by just 22% over that period, according to the OECD.
而據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織稱(chēng)，同期美國(guó)只增加了22%。
Research also makes up a smaller portion of America s economy than some other countries .
同時(shí)，研究經(jīng)費(fèi)在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中所占的比例比其他一些國(guó)家都要小。
In a ranking of RD spending as a share of GDP, America came tenth in 2011.A decade earlierit was sixth.
在2011年研發(fā)開(kāi)支占GDP比例上，美國(guó)排名第十，而十年前，美國(guó)位居第六。
Nevertheless, America remains the world s biggest engine for innovation.
然而，美國(guó)仍然是全球最大的創(chuàng)新引擎。
It spent 366 billion on research in 2011, compared with 275 billion by all 27 countries of theEuropean Union.
2011年，美國(guó)在科研上投入了3660億美元，而27個(gè)歐盟國(guó)家的總投入僅有2750億美元。
Despite China s rapid ascent, America still spends more than twice as much on R D.Subsidies help.
雖然中國(guó)漲勢(shì)迅猛，美國(guó)在研發(fā)上的開(kāi)支仍比中國(guó)高出1倍以上。
America s government pays for about one-third of all domestic research and for most basicscience.
這少不了補(bǔ)貼的功勞。美國(guó)政府承擔(dān)國(guó)內(nèi)三分之一左右的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)及多數(shù)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)費(fèi)用。
Medicine is one of the main beneficiaries.
醫(yī)學(xué)研究成了補(bǔ)貼的主要受益對(duì)象。
America s National Institutes of Health is the world s biggest funder of biomedical research.
美國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究所是世界最大的生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究投資方。
It pays for risky basic science; companies pay for later stages of development.
對(duì)于成功率較低的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)，開(kāi)始階段的研究由研究會(huì)買(mǎi)單，而后階段的開(kāi)發(fā)則由各大公司支付。
For example, the NIH supported early research into monoclonal antibodies.
比如，NIH支付了單克隆抗體早期的研發(fā)費(fèi)用。
By 2010 such research underpinned five of America s 20 bestselling drugs.
截至2010年，美國(guó)最暢銷(xiāo)的20種藥物中，有5種來(lái)自于這種方式。
As drug firms trim their budgets, the NIH s work is becoming even more vital.
藥物公司的預(yù)算減少，NIH的作用就更加重要了。
But since 2003, inflation-adjusted spending on medical research has declined.
然而，由于通脹所迫，醫(yī)學(xué)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)自2003年起也有所下降。
With the sequester public investment will shrink further.
由于財(cái)政封存，國(guó)家投資將進(jìn)一步減少。
America s total outlay on RD will drop by 8.7 billion this year, according to the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science.
據(jù)美國(guó)科學(xué)發(fā)展協(xié)會(huì)稱(chēng)，今年美國(guó)在研發(fā)上的總支出會(huì)減少87億美元。
Francis Collins, the NIH s director, says that his organisation will spend 1.6 billion less in2023a cut of 5.1%and 16 billion less over the next decade.
NIH所長(zhǎng)弗朗西斯?柯林斯說(shuō)，今年，NIH的開(kāi)支也會(huì)縮減16億美元，減少約5.1%。在未來(lái)十年內(nèi)，將減少160億美元;
Hundreds of grants will not be awarded.
數(shù)百項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)費(fèi)也將取消。
Existing grantees will receive only 90% of the cash promised to them.
已申請(qǐng)成功的人士也只能拿到約定經(jīng)費(fèi)總額的九成。
These cuts will speed the erosion of American supremacy in research.
美國(guó)在研究領(lǐng)域的龍頭地位已經(jīng)不保，以上各項(xiàng)開(kāi)支削減進(jìn)一步加快了其下滑速度。
In December Battelle, a research group, predicted that China would surpass America sspending by 2023.
去年12月，巴特爾研究中心預(yù)測(cè)，中國(guó)的科研經(jīng)費(fèi)將在2023年趕超美國(guó)。
Thanks to the sequester, that date may come earlier.
拜財(cái)政封存所賜，這天將來(lái)得更早了。
But the real problem is absolute, not relative, and affects the whole world, not just America.
然而，真正的問(wèn)題在于，美國(guó)不僅會(huì)在研發(fā)開(kāi)支排名上下滑，也無(wú)疑將在研發(fā)進(jìn)展上落后。這不僅會(huì)減緩美國(guó)發(fā)展，且影響會(huì)波及全世界。
RD is a rare type of public spending that stimulates growth.
能刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)家投資不多，研發(fā)就是其中之一。
Knowledge is cumulative, easy to share and generates benefits that spill rapidly acrossborders.
知識(shí)是可積累的，便于分享，而且還可以帶來(lái)效益、造福各界。
Dr Collins says that cuts to the NIH will slow work on Alzheimer s disease, a universal fluvaccine and cancer therapies, to name just a few.
柯林斯博士說(shuō)，削減NIH支出，會(huì)減緩多種研究的進(jìn)程，比如老年癡呆癥、通用流感疫苗和抗癌療法。
詞語(yǔ)解釋
1.scientific discovery 科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)
We have brought scientific discovery andentrepreneurial activity together.
我們把科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起。
As is often the way with scientific discovery,technological breakthroughs of the sort that havegiven science the neanderthal genome have beenas important to the development of genomics as intellectual insights have been.
一如以往的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這樣的技術(shù)突破對(duì)科學(xué)發(fā)展起到重要作用，尼安德特人的基因組對(duì)基因?qū)W發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)和歷史上的智力發(fā)現(xiàn)一樣具有里程碑意義。
2.about to do 將要完成
Consider repercussions of what you re about to do.
你們要想清楚這樣做的后果。
When we discovered what you were about to do.
當(dāng)我們得知你們要做什么的時(shí)候。
3.due to 由于;因?yàn)?應(yīng)歸于
Much of the shift is due to economic growth.
這種變化的大部分都是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)。
Police say it s due to better policing.
警察說(shuō)這是因?yàn)榧訌?qiáng)了治安。
4.in particular 尤其， 特別
Progress is needed in three areas in particular.
尤其需要在三個(gè)方面取得進(jìn)展。
Unemployment in particular has risen less than once seemed likely.
特別是失業(yè)率的增速似乎可能有所放緩。
R D in America
美國(guó)研發(fā)戰(zhàn)略
Bad medicine
醫(yī)學(xué)受阻
Cutting American health research will harm theworld
美國(guó)削減醫(yī)藥研究經(jīng)費(fèi)，影響波及整個(gè)地球
BARACK OBAMA, in his state-of-the-union speech on February 12th, called for a new era ofscientific discovery.
2月12日，巴拉克奧巴馬在國(guó)情咨文演講中號(hào)召人民開(kāi)啟科研成果新紀(jì)元。
Now is the time to reach a level of research and development not seen since the height of thespace race, he declared.
他宣布:自太空競(jìng)賽取勝以來(lái)，我們始終未能將科技研發(fā)推向一個(gè)新高度，現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候了。
He praised projects to map the human brain and accelerate regenerative medicine.
他還表?yè)P(yáng)了大腦活動(dòng)圖譜繪制工程和再生醫(yī)學(xué)提速項(xiàng)目。
This would mean spending more on research.
這意味著他打算在科研上投入更多的經(jīng)費(fèi)。
As The Economist went to press, America s government was about to do the opposite.
本期《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》付印時(shí)，美國(guó)政府正欲背道而馳。
Federal spending is due to be cut on March 1st, the result of a long brawl over the deficit.
赤字當(dāng)前，各政客長(zhǎng)期意見(jiàn)不合，導(dǎo)致聯(lián)邦自動(dòng)減支于3月1日強(qiáng)制啟動(dòng)。
Complex politics triggered this sequester but the sequester itself is brutally simple.
政局復(fù)雜導(dǎo)致了財(cái)政封存，但是財(cái)政封存卻簡(jiǎn)單得要命。
America will cut 85 billion from this year s budget, split between military and non-militaryprogrammes.
美國(guó)將在本年度預(yù)算中削減850億美元，由軍事開(kāi)支和非軍事開(kāi)支共同分擔(dān)。
Among the areas to be squeezed is R D, and medical research in particular.
研發(fā)項(xiàng)目開(kāi)支也將被削減，而醫(yī)學(xué)研究首當(dāng)其沖。
For years America has enjoyed pre-eminence in research, but this is fading.
美國(guó)歷年都在科研方面獨(dú)占鰲頭，但現(xiàn)在她龍頭的光環(huán)越來(lái)越小。
Chinese investment more than quintupled from 2000 to 2010, to 160 billion, in 2005 prices.
以2005年價(jià)格核算，2010年中國(guó)的研發(fā)投資是2000年的5倍多，達(dá)1600億美元;
America s RD spending rose by just 22% over that period, according to the OECD.
而據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織稱(chēng)，同期美國(guó)只增加了22%。
Research also makes up a smaller portion of America s economy than some other countries .
同時(shí)，研究經(jīng)費(fèi)在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中所占的比例比其他一些國(guó)家都要小。
In a ranking of RD spending as a share of GDP, America came tenth in 2011.A decade earlierit was sixth.
在2011年研發(fā)開(kāi)支占GDP比例上，美國(guó)排名第十，而十年前，美國(guó)位居第六。
Nevertheless, America remains the world s biggest engine for innovation.
然而，美國(guó)仍然是全球最大的創(chuàng)新引擎。
It spent 366 billion on research in 2011, compared with 275 billion by all 27 countries of theEuropean Union.
2011年，美國(guó)在科研上投入了3660億美元，而27個(gè)歐盟國(guó)家的總投入僅有2750億美元。
Despite China s rapid ascent, America still spends more than twice as much on R D.Subsidies help.
雖然中國(guó)漲勢(shì)迅猛，美國(guó)在研發(fā)上的開(kāi)支仍比中國(guó)高出1倍以上。
America s government pays for about one-third of all domestic research and for most basicscience.
這少不了補(bǔ)貼的功勞。美國(guó)政府承擔(dān)國(guó)內(nèi)三分之一左右的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)及多數(shù)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)費(fèi)用。
Medicine is one of the main beneficiaries.
醫(yī)學(xué)研究成了補(bǔ)貼的主要受益對(duì)象。
America s National Institutes of Health is the world s biggest funder of biomedical research.
美國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究所是世界最大的生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究投資方。
It pays for risky basic science; companies pay for later stages of development.
對(duì)于成功率較低的基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)，開(kāi)始階段的研究由研究會(huì)買(mǎi)單，而后階段的開(kāi)發(fā)則由各大公司支付。
For example, the NIH supported early research into monoclonal antibodies.
比如，NIH支付了單克隆抗體早期的研發(fā)費(fèi)用。
By 2010 such research underpinned five of America s 20 bestselling drugs.
截至2010年，美國(guó)最暢銷(xiāo)的20種藥物中，有5種來(lái)自于這種方式。
As drug firms trim their budgets, the NIH s work is becoming even more vital.
藥物公司的預(yù)算減少，NIH的作用就更加重要了。
But since 2003, inflation-adjusted spending on medical research has declined.
然而，由于通脹所迫，醫(yī)學(xué)研究經(jīng)費(fèi)自2003年起也有所下降。
With the sequester public investment will shrink further.
由于財(cái)政封存，國(guó)家投資將進(jìn)一步減少。
America s total outlay on RD will drop by 8.7 billion this year, according to the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science.
據(jù)美國(guó)科學(xué)發(fā)展協(xié)會(huì)稱(chēng)，今年美國(guó)在研發(fā)上的總支出會(huì)減少87億美元。
Francis Collins, the NIH s director, says that his organisation will spend 1.6 billion less in2023a cut of 5.1%and 16 billion less over the next decade.
NIH所長(zhǎng)弗朗西斯?柯林斯說(shuō)，今年，NIH的開(kāi)支也會(huì)縮減16億美元，減少約5.1%。在未來(lái)十年內(nèi)，將減少160億美元;
Hundreds of grants will not be awarded.
數(shù)百項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)費(fèi)也將取消。
Existing grantees will receive only 90% of the cash promised to them.
已申請(qǐng)成功的人士也只能拿到約定經(jīng)費(fèi)總額的九成。
These cuts will speed the erosion of American supremacy in research.
美國(guó)在研究領(lǐng)域的龍頭地位已經(jīng)不保，以上各項(xiàng)開(kāi)支削減進(jìn)一步加快了其下滑速度。
In December Battelle, a research group, predicted that China would surpass America sspending by 2023.
去年12月，巴特爾研究中心預(yù)測(cè)，中國(guó)的科研經(jīng)費(fèi)將在2023年趕超美國(guó)。
Thanks to the sequester, that date may come earlier.
拜財(cái)政封存所賜，這天將來(lái)得更早了。
But the real problem is absolute, not relative, and affects the whole world, not just America.
然而，真正的問(wèn)題在于，美國(guó)不僅會(huì)在研發(fā)開(kāi)支排名上下滑，也無(wú)疑將在研發(fā)進(jìn)展上落后。這不僅會(huì)減緩美國(guó)發(fā)展，且影響會(huì)波及全世界。
RD is a rare type of public spending that stimulates growth.
能刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)家投資不多，研發(fā)就是其中之一。
Knowledge is cumulative, easy to share and generates benefits that spill rapidly acrossborders.
知識(shí)是可積累的，便于分享，而且還可以帶來(lái)效益、造福各界。
Dr Collins says that cuts to the NIH will slow work on Alzheimer s disease, a universal fluvaccine and cancer therapies, to name just a few.
柯林斯博士說(shuō)，削減NIH支出，會(huì)減緩多種研究的進(jìn)程，比如老年癡呆癥、通用流感疫苗和抗癌療法。
詞語(yǔ)解釋
1.scientific discovery 科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)
We have brought scientific discovery andentrepreneurial activity together.
我們把科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起。
As is often the way with scientific discovery,technological breakthroughs of the sort that havegiven science the neanderthal genome have beenas important to the development of genomics as intellectual insights have been.
一如以往的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這樣的技術(shù)突破對(duì)科學(xué)發(fā)展起到重要作用，尼安德特人的基因組對(duì)基因?qū)W發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)和歷史上的智力發(fā)現(xiàn)一樣具有里程碑意義。
2.about to do 將要完成
Consider repercussions of what you re about to do.
你們要想清楚這樣做的后果。
When we discovered what you were about to do.
當(dāng)我們得知你們要做什么的時(shí)候。
3.due to 由于;因?yàn)?應(yīng)歸于
Much of the shift is due to economic growth.
這種變化的大部分都是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)。
Police say it s due to better policing.
警察說(shuō)這是因?yàn)榧訌?qiáng)了治安。
4.in particular 尤其， 特別
Progress is needed in three areas in particular.
尤其需要在三個(gè)方面取得進(jìn)展。
Unemployment in particular has risen less than once seemed likely.
特別是失業(yè)率的增速似乎可能有所放緩。
