電力供應(yīng)
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 Electricity supply 電力供應(yīng) Profitable interruptions 盈利性的中斷 Collecting and trading spare electricity is athriving industry 備用電力的收集與交易是一蓬勃發(fā)展的新興行業(yè) SPIKES in demand for power and unexpected dipsin supply have plagued electricity generators and their customers for decades. The solutionshave been crude. More than a decade ago North American power companies started payingbig consumers to switch off machines and devices to ease the load on creaking grids. In2003 French producers did the same to cope with a heatwave. 激增的電力需求以及意想不到供給匱乏已經(jīng)困擾了電力供應(yīng)商及其客戶數(shù)十年之久。并且他們的解決方案原始而粗魯。十多年前北美電力公司開(kāi)始賠付大的客戶用以關(guān)閉機(jī)器以及設(shè)備從而能夠緩解勉強(qiáng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的電網(wǎng)壓力的金額。在2003年的時(shí)候法國(guó)的生產(chǎn)商為了應(yīng)付反常的高溫也做了同樣的事情。 In some ways the problem has worsened. The rise in the use of renewable power, especiallyin Europe, has led to surges of supply on sunny and windy days and unpredictable lulls inconditions of cloud and calm. But that is a big opportunity for demand-responsecompanies, which use computing power and clever algorithms to divert electricity from someconsumers, such as factories or greenhouses, to users who need it more. 從某種程度而言，問(wèn)題已經(jīng)開(kāi)始惡化。尤其是在歐洲，增加可再生能源的使用已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了在晴朗以及有風(fēng)的天氣里的浪潮以及在在多云和無(wú)風(fēng)的條件下不可想象的靜止，不過(guò)這對(duì)于那些運(yùn)用運(yùn)算能力以及巧妙的算法來(lái)從一些客戶那里諸如工廠和溫室，轉(zhuǎn)移電流給那些共需要的用戶的需求響應(yīng)公司而言是一個(gè)巨大的機(jī)遇。 Pioneered by technology firms rather than power producers, demand response is strongestin North America, but it is spreading fast. In a control room in London s fashionable Sohodistrict, Ziko Abram of Kiwi Power shows off a virtual power plant with a capacity of morethan 100 megawatts. Kiwi pays users for agreeing to switch off cooling and heating, pumpsand other equipment when asked. A switch installed on a user s premises might beprogrammed to cut off power to freezers, for example, when they are cold enough. In othercases, Kiwi negotiates the cutoff with the consumer. It sells the spare capacity thus createdto the National Grid. 技術(shù)型企業(yè)似乎比電力生產(chǎn)商更加倡導(dǎo)這樣的模式，雖然需求響應(yīng)在美國(guó)做的是最強(qiáng)的，但它傳播的非常的迅速。在現(xiàn)今時(shí)髦的倫敦Soho區(qū)的一個(gè)控制室內(nèi)，Kiwi Power的Ziko Abram展示了一個(gè)容量超過(guò)100萬(wàn)瓦特虛擬的電廠。Kiwi會(huì)因?yàn)樵诒匾臅r(shí)候客戶同意切斷冷氣、暖氣、泵以及其他的設(shè)備賠付客戶。將一個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)安裝在住戶之處使得切斷冰柜的功率成為可能的程序，例如當(dāng)冷氣已經(jīng)足夠的時(shí)候。在其他的情況下，Kiwi會(huì)就斷電一事與客戶協(xié)商。它出售了閑置的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備從而來(lái)來(lái)建立國(guó)家電網(wǎng)。 Along with competitors such as Flexitricity, Kiwi also buys the right to use standby dieselgenerators in hospitals, government buildings and elsewhere. Rather than waste fuel bytesting these machines every week, these institutions let Kiwi s technology switch them onwhen the grid requires. In power-poor South Africa an American firm, Comverge, has createda market in which companies can sell the electricity they choose not to consume. 與諸如Flexitricity的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手一樣，Kiwi同樣的購(gòu)買(mǎi)了醫(yī)院、政府建設(shè)以及其他一些地方的備用柴油發(fā)電機(jī)的使用權(quán)。與其讓每周的機(jī)器固定測(cè)試?yán)速M(fèi)燃料，倒不如讓這些體系使Kiwi的技術(shù)能夠掌控它們當(dāng)電力被需要的時(shí)候。在電力缺乏的南非地區(qū)，一家美國(guó)公司，Comverge，已經(jīng)選擇輸送電力給那些他們認(rèn)為不會(huì)消耗能源的公司作為開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng)。 Such services cope with spikes in consumption, which are mostly foreseeable. Fluctuationsin wind and cloud can cause gluts or shortages within minutes. The conventional way tooffset this is through gas, hydro or modern coal-fuelled power stations, which can beswitched on or off quickly. But getting consumers to change their habits a little is potentiallymuch cheaper. 這樣的服務(wù)用以應(yīng)付那些大多都可預(yù)測(cè)的能源消耗高峰期。有風(fēng)的日子或者陰天的波動(dòng)會(huì)在分分鐘之內(nèi)引起供過(guò)于求或者是能源短缺。用來(lái)抵消波動(dòng)的傳統(tǒng)方法是通過(guò)煤氣、水利或者現(xiàn)代的燃煤發(fā)電站，它們均可以快速的被啟動(dòng)或切斷。不過(guò)稍稍的改變一下消費(fèi)者的生活習(xí)慣可能會(huì)比這便宜許多。 The prospects in Europe have brought a flurry of acquisitions. The world s biggestdemand-response firm, Enernoc, a publicly traded American company, has bought a dozenforeign providers since 2005. Nearly 20% of its 383m revenues come from abroad. InFebruary it bought Entelios, the biggest German company, with 600MW of capacity, andActivation Energy, the leading Irish firm. 這在英國(guó)的前景是帶來(lái)了一連串的收購(gòu)。世界上最大的需求響應(yīng)公司，美國(guó)上市公司Enerno，自2005年起已經(jīng)并購(gòu)了十二個(gè)外國(guó)供應(yīng)商，其三十八億三千萬(wàn)的收入有將近有20%來(lái)自于國(guó)外。在二月份的時(shí)候它有并購(gòu)了Entelios這個(gè)德國(guó)最大的企業(yè)，擁有六十億瓦特的容量，以及活化能，愛(ài)爾蘭公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。 The industry has plenty of room to grow. In America it accounts for more than 20 gigawatts,or 2% of the total installed capacity, according to Colin McKerracher, an analyst atBloomberg New Energy Finance. It is concentrated in the north-east of the country. In theEuropean Union, a much larger energy market, capacity is only 5.4GW, but BNEF forecasts itwill grow to 15.3GW by 2023. Pulse Energy, a Canadian firm, expects to double its customerbase to 2m by Christmas. 按照Colin McKerracher，這位彭博新能源財(cái)經(jīng)分析師的看法，這位這個(gè)行業(yè)有很的的發(fā)展空間，在美國(guó)它約占兩千億瓦特或者說(shuō)總裝機(jī)容量百分之二的比例。集中于國(guó)家的東北地區(qū)。在歐盟，這個(gè)更大的能源市場(chǎng)，其容量只有54億瓦特。但是BNEF預(yù)測(cè)其會(huì)在2023年的時(shí)候增長(zhǎng)至153億瓦特。Pulse Energy，一家加拿大企業(yè)，希望到圣誕節(jié)的時(shí)候他們的客戶群能夠擴(kuò)大一倍，達(dá)到二百萬(wàn)之多。 Demand response still faces scepticism. People who run and regulate the network likepower stations they can see, not virtual ones. Is that really the sort of country we want tobewhere you just cut the power off when supply gets tight? asks an executive at one ofBritain s big six energy providers. David Brewster of Enernoc says changing 100 years ofpolicy and mindset is a slow grind. 需求響應(yīng)也同樣面臨著質(zhì)疑。那些經(jīng)營(yíng)或者管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)的的人希望發(fā)電站是可以看得見(jiàn)摸得著的而不是虛擬的。這確實(shí)是我們想要成為的那一類(lèi)型嗎僅僅是在供應(yīng)緊張之時(shí)切斷電源嗎?一個(gè)英國(guó)品牌big six的電量供應(yīng)商的高級(jí)行政人員質(zhì)疑道。Enernoc的David Brewster認(rèn)為改變100年的政策和方向是一個(gè)緩慢的折磨。 Some parts of America already have well developed markets in capacity, wheredemand-response providers can bid alongside conventional power producers for supplycontracts, typically three years in advance. Their cost advantage makes them increasinglycompetitive， 美國(guó)一些已經(jīng)擁有良好市場(chǎng)容量的發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，需求響應(yīng)的供應(yīng)商可以與常規(guī)電力生產(chǎn)商為供應(yīng)合同通常來(lái)講是提前三年，共同報(bào)價(jià)。他們的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)使得其越來(lái)越有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 Such markets are starting in Europe, too, but rules are still being written. Providers worrythat regulators will tilt them in favour of conventional producers on such issues asresponse time and how much aggregation will be allowed. 這樣的市場(chǎng)同樣的也開(kāi)始在歐洲發(fā)展，但是規(guī)則仍在編寫(xiě)之中。供應(yīng)商擔(dān)心監(jiān)管者會(huì)在一些問(wèn)題上，例如反應(yīng)時(shí)間以及聚合多少的問(wèn)題上，來(lái)撬動(dòng)他們來(lái)贊成傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠商。 To be credible, demand response must be reliable. Grid managers want to know thepower will be there when needed. That may favour the bigger demand-responsecompaniesand the utilities, which could dominate the industry if they chose to enter it.Upstarts claim they have smarter algorithms. They say they are creating prime electricityout of subprime portfolios. That analogy will reassure neither customers nor rulemakers. 為了變得更加可靠，需求反應(yīng)必須是切實(shí)可信賴的。電網(wǎng)管理者想要知道電力是能夠用在刀刃上的。這也許會(huì)贊成較大的需求響應(yīng)公司以及那些如果他們選擇進(jìn)入的話能夠成為行業(yè)主導(dǎo)的公用事業(yè)。新貴們聲稱他們擁有更加智能的運(yùn)算法則。他們說(shuō)他們正在創(chuàng)造主要電力的次級(jí)抵押貸款投資組合。這樣的類(lèi)比會(huì)使得消費(fèi)者以及規(guī)則制定者都能夠消除顧慮。 詞語(yǔ)解釋 1.switch off 關(guān)閉 Switch off appliances when you are not using them. 電器不用時(shí)，關(guān)掉它們。 Eliminate distractions, close email programs,switch off email notifications. 排除能讓你分心的事，關(guān)閉電子郵件程序，關(guān)閉電子郵件提示。 2.cope with 應(yīng)付,對(duì)付 How will they cope with the huge psychological pressures? 他們將如何應(yīng)付巨大的心理壓力呢? And the algorithm could not cope with that. 但該算法無(wú)法處理這種連續(xù)的信息。 3.lead to 導(dǎo)致,導(dǎo)向 A little exaggeration can lead to serious consequences. 一絲一毫的夸大都可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的后果。 That can lead to serious consequences. 這會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的后果。 4.such as 例如;譬如;諸如 The printers can also create interlocking mechanical parts, such as gears and cogs. 3D打印機(jī)也可以制造出具有連鎖機(jī)制的零部件，比如齒輪和接榫等。 It made money on institutional client services, such as executing trades. 機(jī)構(gòu)客戶服務(wù)也實(shí)現(xiàn)了盈利。
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。 Electricity supply 電力供應(yīng) Profitable interruptions 盈利性的中斷 Collecting and trading spare electricity is athriving industry 備用電力的收集與交易是一蓬勃發(fā)展的新興行業(yè) SPIKES in demand for power and unexpected dipsin supply have plagued electricity generators and their customers for decades. The solutionshave been crude. More than a decade ago North American power companies started payingbig consumers to switch off machines and devices to ease the load on creaking grids. In2003 French producers did the same to cope with a heatwave. 激增的電力需求以及意想不到供給匱乏已經(jīng)困擾了電力供應(yīng)商及其客戶數(shù)十年之久。并且他們的解決方案原始而粗魯。十多年前北美電力公司開(kāi)始賠付大的客戶用以關(guān)閉機(jī)器以及設(shè)備從而能夠緩解勉強(qiáng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的電網(wǎng)壓力的金額。在2003年的時(shí)候法國(guó)的生產(chǎn)商為了應(yīng)付反常的高溫也做了同樣的事情。 In some ways the problem has worsened. The rise in the use of renewable power, especiallyin Europe, has led to surges of supply on sunny and windy days and unpredictable lulls inconditions of cloud and calm. But that is a big opportunity for demand-responsecompanies, which use computing power and clever algorithms to divert electricity from someconsumers, such as factories or greenhouses, to users who need it more. 從某種程度而言，問(wèn)題已經(jīng)開(kāi)始惡化。尤其是在歐洲，增加可再生能源的使用已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了在晴朗以及有風(fēng)的天氣里的浪潮以及在在多云和無(wú)風(fēng)的條件下不可想象的靜止，不過(guò)這對(duì)于那些運(yùn)用運(yùn)算能力以及巧妙的算法來(lái)從一些客戶那里諸如工廠和溫室，轉(zhuǎn)移電流給那些共需要的用戶的需求響應(yīng)公司而言是一個(gè)巨大的機(jī)遇。 Pioneered by technology firms rather than power producers, demand response is strongestin North America, but it is spreading fast. In a control room in London s fashionable Sohodistrict, Ziko Abram of Kiwi Power shows off a virtual power plant with a capacity of morethan 100 megawatts. Kiwi pays users for agreeing to switch off cooling and heating, pumpsand other equipment when asked. A switch installed on a user s premises might beprogrammed to cut off power to freezers, for example, when they are cold enough. In othercases, Kiwi negotiates the cutoff with the consumer. It sells the spare capacity thus createdto the National Grid. 技術(shù)型企業(yè)似乎比電力生產(chǎn)商更加倡導(dǎo)這樣的模式，雖然需求響應(yīng)在美國(guó)做的是最強(qiáng)的，但它傳播的非常的迅速。在現(xiàn)今時(shí)髦的倫敦Soho區(qū)的一個(gè)控制室內(nèi)，Kiwi Power的Ziko Abram展示了一個(gè)容量超過(guò)100萬(wàn)瓦特虛擬的電廠。Kiwi會(huì)因?yàn)樵诒匾臅r(shí)候客戶同意切斷冷氣、暖氣、泵以及其他的設(shè)備賠付客戶。將一個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)安裝在住戶之處使得切斷冰柜的功率成為可能的程序，例如當(dāng)冷氣已經(jīng)足夠的時(shí)候。在其他的情況下，Kiwi會(huì)就斷電一事與客戶協(xié)商。它出售了閑置的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備從而來(lái)來(lái)建立國(guó)家電網(wǎng)。 Along with competitors such as Flexitricity, Kiwi also buys the right to use standby dieselgenerators in hospitals, government buildings and elsewhere. Rather than waste fuel bytesting these machines every week, these institutions let Kiwi s technology switch them onwhen the grid requires. In power-poor South Africa an American firm, Comverge, has createda market in which companies can sell the electricity they choose not to consume. 與諸如Flexitricity的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手一樣，Kiwi同樣的購(gòu)買(mǎi)了醫(yī)院、政府建設(shè)以及其他一些地方的備用柴油發(fā)電機(jī)的使用權(quán)。與其讓每周的機(jī)器固定測(cè)試?yán)速M(fèi)燃料，倒不如讓這些體系使Kiwi的技術(shù)能夠掌控它們當(dāng)電力被需要的時(shí)候。在電力缺乏的南非地區(qū)，一家美國(guó)公司，Comverge，已經(jīng)選擇輸送電力給那些他們認(rèn)為不會(huì)消耗能源的公司作為開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng)。 Such services cope with spikes in consumption, which are mostly foreseeable. Fluctuationsin wind and cloud can cause gluts or shortages within minutes. The conventional way tooffset this is through gas, hydro or modern coal-fuelled power stations, which can beswitched on or off quickly. But getting consumers to change their habits a little is potentiallymuch cheaper. 這樣的服務(wù)用以應(yīng)付那些大多都可預(yù)測(cè)的能源消耗高峰期。有風(fēng)的日子或者陰天的波動(dòng)會(huì)在分分鐘之內(nèi)引起供過(guò)于求或者是能源短缺。用來(lái)抵消波動(dòng)的傳統(tǒng)方法是通過(guò)煤氣、水利或者現(xiàn)代的燃煤發(fā)電站，它們均可以快速的被啟動(dòng)或切斷。不過(guò)稍稍的改變一下消費(fèi)者的生活習(xí)慣可能會(huì)比這便宜許多。 The prospects in Europe have brought a flurry of acquisitions. The world s biggestdemand-response firm, Enernoc, a publicly traded American company, has bought a dozenforeign providers since 2005. Nearly 20% of its 383m revenues come from abroad. InFebruary it bought Entelios, the biggest German company, with 600MW of capacity, andActivation Energy, the leading Irish firm. 這在英國(guó)的前景是帶來(lái)了一連串的收購(gòu)。世界上最大的需求響應(yīng)公司，美國(guó)上市公司Enerno，自2005年起已經(jīng)并購(gòu)了十二個(gè)外國(guó)供應(yīng)商，其三十八億三千萬(wàn)的收入有將近有20%來(lái)自于國(guó)外。在二月份的時(shí)候它有并購(gòu)了Entelios這個(gè)德國(guó)最大的企業(yè)，擁有六十億瓦特的容量，以及活化能，愛(ài)爾蘭公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。 The industry has plenty of room to grow. In America it accounts for more than 20 gigawatts,or 2% of the total installed capacity, according to Colin McKerracher, an analyst atBloomberg New Energy Finance. It is concentrated in the north-east of the country. In theEuropean Union, a much larger energy market, capacity is only 5.4GW, but BNEF forecasts itwill grow to 15.3GW by 2023. Pulse Energy, a Canadian firm, expects to double its customerbase to 2m by Christmas. 按照Colin McKerracher，這位彭博新能源財(cái)經(jīng)分析師的看法，這位這個(gè)行業(yè)有很的的發(fā)展空間，在美國(guó)它約占兩千億瓦特或者說(shuō)總裝機(jī)容量百分之二的比例。集中于國(guó)家的東北地區(qū)。在歐盟，這個(gè)更大的能源市場(chǎng)，其容量只有54億瓦特。但是BNEF預(yù)測(cè)其會(huì)在2023年的時(shí)候增長(zhǎng)至153億瓦特。Pulse Energy，一家加拿大企業(yè)，希望到圣誕節(jié)的時(shí)候他們的客戶群能夠擴(kuò)大一倍，達(dá)到二百萬(wàn)之多。 Demand response still faces scepticism. People who run and regulate the network likepower stations they can see, not virtual ones. Is that really the sort of country we want tobewhere you just cut the power off when supply gets tight? asks an executive at one ofBritain s big six energy providers. David Brewster of Enernoc says changing 100 years ofpolicy and mindset is a slow grind. 需求響應(yīng)也同樣面臨著質(zhì)疑。那些經(jīng)營(yíng)或者管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)的的人希望發(fā)電站是可以看得見(jiàn)摸得著的而不是虛擬的。這確實(shí)是我們想要成為的那一類(lèi)型嗎僅僅是在供應(yīng)緊張之時(shí)切斷電源嗎?一個(gè)英國(guó)品牌big six的電量供應(yīng)商的高級(jí)行政人員質(zhì)疑道。Enernoc的David Brewster認(rèn)為改變100年的政策和方向是一個(gè)緩慢的折磨。 Some parts of America already have well developed markets in capacity, wheredemand-response providers can bid alongside conventional power producers for supplycontracts, typically three years in advance. Their cost advantage makes them increasinglycompetitive， 美國(guó)一些已經(jīng)擁有良好市場(chǎng)容量的發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，需求響應(yīng)的供應(yīng)商可以與常規(guī)電力生產(chǎn)商為供應(yīng)合同通常來(lái)講是提前三年，共同報(bào)價(jià)。他們的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)使得其越來(lái)越有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 Such markets are starting in Europe, too, but rules are still being written. Providers worrythat regulators will tilt them in favour of conventional producers on such issues asresponse time and how much aggregation will be allowed. 這樣的市場(chǎng)同樣的也開(kāi)始在歐洲發(fā)展，但是規(guī)則仍在編寫(xiě)之中。供應(yīng)商擔(dān)心監(jiān)管者會(huì)在一些問(wèn)題上，例如反應(yīng)時(shí)間以及聚合多少的問(wèn)題上，來(lái)撬動(dòng)他們來(lái)贊成傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠商。 To be credible, demand response must be reliable. Grid managers want to know thepower will be there when needed. That may favour the bigger demand-responsecompaniesand the utilities, which could dominate the industry if they chose to enter it.Upstarts claim they have smarter algorithms. They say they are creating prime electricityout of subprime portfolios. That analogy will reassure neither customers nor rulemakers. 為了變得更加可靠，需求反應(yīng)必須是切實(shí)可信賴的。電網(wǎng)管理者想要知道電力是能夠用在刀刃上的。這也許會(huì)贊成較大的需求響應(yīng)公司以及那些如果他們選擇進(jìn)入的話能夠成為行業(yè)主導(dǎo)的公用事業(yè)。新貴們聲稱他們擁有更加智能的運(yùn)算法則。他們說(shuō)他們正在創(chuàng)造主要電力的次級(jí)抵押貸款投資組合。這樣的類(lèi)比會(huì)使得消費(fèi)者以及規(guī)則制定者都能夠消除顧慮。 詞語(yǔ)解釋 1.switch off 關(guān)閉 Switch off appliances when you are not using them. 電器不用時(shí)，關(guān)掉它們。 Eliminate distractions, close email programs,switch off email notifications. 排除能讓你分心的事，關(guān)閉電子郵件程序，關(guān)閉電子郵件提示。 2.cope with 應(yīng)付,對(duì)付 How will they cope with the huge psychological pressures? 他們將如何應(yīng)付巨大的心理壓力呢? And the algorithm could not cope with that. 但該算法無(wú)法處理這種連續(xù)的信息。 3.lead to 導(dǎo)致,導(dǎo)向 A little exaggeration can lead to serious consequences. 一絲一毫的夸大都可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的后果。 That can lead to serious consequences. 這會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的后果。 4.such as 例如;譬如;諸如 The printers can also create interlocking mechanical parts, such as gears and cogs. 3D打印機(jī)也可以制造出具有連鎖機(jī)制的零部件，比如齒輪和接榫等。 It made money on institutional client services, such as executing trades. 機(jī)構(gòu)客戶服務(wù)也實(shí)現(xiàn)了盈利。
