印度新政府

　　2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 　　India s new government 　　印度新政府 　　Kick-starting India 　　一劑強心劑 　　India s new government must get the economyworking again. Here s how 　　印度新政府必須讓國家經(jīng)濟回歸正軌，來看看需要怎么做。 　　INDIA S mammoth, five-week election, involvinghundreds of millions of voters, is over. Official results were due as The Economist went topress. A new government will be formed in the coming days. Exit polls point to the BharatiyaJanata Party swooping back to power after a decade in opposition. Narendra Modi, itsleader, is set to be prime minister. Investors are excited by that prospect. They like his pastin running the business-friendly state of Gujarat and his talk of vikas in the campaign. 　　印度為期五周，超過百萬人參與投票的國家大選終于落下帷幕。本期經(jīng)濟學(xué)人雜志出版正值官方結(jié)果出爐。在未來的日子里，印度將組建新的政府。出口民調(diào)顯示，印度人民黨在野十年后將重掌政權(quán)，人民黨領(lǐng)袖納倫德拉莫迪將任總理。投資人深受這一消息的鼓舞。莫迪過去在管理古吉拉特邦時實行的商業(yè)友好策略以及在大選進程中發(fā)表的關(guān)于維卡斯公司發(fā)展的言論都受到投資人的歡迎。 　　Whoever becomes prime minister faces a long to-do list that includes everything fromgetting along with Pakistan to dealing with iron-ore mafias. But the priority must berepairing what by some measures is the world s third-largest economy. This is the key tolifting hundreds of millions of people from poverty and creating jobs for India s young andhungry population. It is a huge task. 　　無論誰當(dāng)選總理，都面臨著一長串的任務(wù)清單，這個清單包羅萬象，從與巴基斯坦重修舊好到處理操縱鐵礦石交易的黑手黨。然而首要任務(wù)一定是修整這個從某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上算是世界第三大經(jīng)濟體的國家，這是解救數(shù)以億計的貧困人口為青年和饑餓人群創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位的關(guān)鍵。這個任務(wù)無比艱巨。 　　A lost half-decade 　　失落的五年 　　A decade ago India s economy was winning new-found respect as a riot of energy andenterprise, but its performance in recent years has been dismal. Now foreign bosses rolltheir eyes when you mention India, as they did in the 1980s. Growth has fallen to 5%, halfthe level at the peak of the 2004-08 boom. Inflation and public borrowing are too high. Therupee slumped in 2023. Private firms are fed up with red tape and graft and have cutinvestment from a peak of 17% of GDP to 9%. On some measures the country is goingbackwards in time. Households have been shifting savings away from banks into the ancientrefuge of gold. In a country that should be industrialising, the contribution to GDP fromindustry has been declining while manufacturing jobs have stagnated. 　　十年前，依附于能源和企業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，印度經(jīng)濟贏得了世界上新鮮目光的矚目，然而近年來表現(xiàn)卻越發(fā)不堪。現(xiàn)在，提到印度時，外商會像上世紀八十年代一樣翻起白眼。印度的增長率下滑到5%，是它2004-08巔峰時期的一半。通貨膨脹和公開借貸雙雙過高，2023年，盧比遭到嚴重貶值。私營企業(yè)對政府的繁文縟節(jié)和貪污受賄厭倦透頂，表現(xiàn)在投資上就是投資額在GDP中占比從17%的高峰下滑到9%。從某些方面來說，印度已經(jīng)在走下坡路。家家戶戶都急于從銀行提現(xiàn)并把存款轉(zhuǎn)換為古老的黃金以尋求避難。作為一個工業(yè)化國家，印度工業(yè)對GDP的貢獻率已經(jīng)開始下滑，制造業(yè)的就業(yè)也陷于停滯。 　　The last government dithered and was preoccupied with bolstering India s welfare state.India s new rulers must be more strategic and ruthless. Their task has three parts. 　　上一屆政府猶猶豫豫，一心想著把印度變?yōu)橐粋€福利國家。新一屆政策制定者應(yīng)當(dāng)表現(xiàn)的更有戰(zhàn)略性和大膽無情。他們的任務(wù)有三方面。 　　First, they must tackle India s rotten banks. That might sound like a technical quibbleitis anything but. Bad debts have soared as the economy has slowed and infrastructure projectshave got snared by red tape. Banks have chosen to extend and pretend loans to zombiefirms. The cost of cleaning up banks balance sheets could be as high as 4% of GDPslightlylarger, in relative terms, than Wall Street s bail out. But until the banks are fit enough tofinance a new cycle of investment, no recovery will happen. Deeper financial reform isvital, too. Banks are forced to buy government bonds, giving politicians a blank cheque toborrow. Limiting that would help end the habit of reckless public deficits. 　　首先需要處理的是的腐朽的銀行業(yè)。這聽起來可能像詭辯，但事實確是如此。經(jīng)濟下滑和基建項目被紅頭文件擱置導(dǎo)致了壞賬的猛增，而銀行卻假裝繼續(xù)給僵尸企業(yè)提供貸款。清理銀行資產(chǎn)負債表的成本可能達到GDP的4%，比起華爾街的保釋要相對多一些。但是，復(fù)蘇必須等到銀行能夠進行新一輪的投融資才有可能發(fā)生。深入的金融改革也是十分必要的。現(xiàn)在的銀行被迫購買國債，這樣政客就能夠借到空頭支票，而限制這個過程能夠幫助政府終結(jié)輕率產(chǎn)生的赤字。 　　Second, a destabilising cycle of stagflation must be broken. High public borrowing has fuelledinflation, which stands at 9%. To protect their savings, households have bought gold fromabroad, blowing a hole in the balance of payments. The new government must cut wastefulspending on subsidies of food and fuel. But the main reason why India has not run a budgetsurplus since independence in 1947 is that its tax base is puny. So the government mustbring more of the economy into the tax net in order to repair the public finances. 　　第二點，必須打破不穩(wěn)定的滯漲循環(huán)。高公債刺激了通貨膨脹，當(dāng)前已經(jīng)達到9%。家庭為了保護存款從國外購買黃金，這樣就在收支平衡表上留下了一個漏洞。新政府必須削減不必要的食品和燃料補貼。但是印度自1947年獨立以來就沒有過預(yù)算盈余的主要原因在它薄弱的課稅基礎(chǔ)。因此，政府應(yīng)當(dāng)將更多的經(jīng)濟活動納入稅網(wǎng)來恢復(fù)公共財政。 　　Slaying stagflation also requires tough action from the central bank. Its chief, RaghuramRajan, wants an inflation targeting regime. The government should back him and try topersuade him to stay in the job. To cut high food prices, it should abolish the state-runagricultural markets that are often in the hands of powerful locals who hoard farmers produce. 　　遏制滯漲還需要央行采取強硬行動。央行行長拉加恩希望有一個針對通貨膨脹的機制，政府應(yīng)當(dāng)給予支持并把他穩(wěn)定在行長的位子上。考慮到國營農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場通常都被從農(nóng)民手中積聚農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的有財力的當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬倏兀畱?yīng)當(dāng)廢除這一市場來降低過高的食品價格。 　　India s not working 　　印度的不作為 　　Creating more decent jobs is the new government s third and most important task. Over thepast half century most East Asian countries have prospered by employing unskilledfarmworkers in factories. India should be doing that right now. Over 10m people a year willenter the workforce for the next decade. Labour costs are rising in China, leading firms toshift production elsewhere. Japanese companies are scrambling to diversify away fromChina as military tensions crackle. The rupee has fallen by a third against the yuan since2010, making India s workers more competitive. 　　新政府第三個也是最重要的任務(wù)是制造更多體面的就業(yè)崗位。過去的半個世紀以來多數(shù)東亞國家都是通過在工廠里雇傭無需技能的農(nóng)場工人來致富，印度也應(yīng)當(dāng)這么做。接下來的十年里會有超過千萬人加入勞動力大軍。中國的勞動力成本的升高導(dǎo)致企業(yè)紛紛另覓廠房;隨著軍事緊張的局勢破表，日本企業(yè)爭相逃離中國;2010年以來，盧比兌人民幣已經(jīng)貶值了三分之一，這種情況下印度的勞動力將更有競爭力。 　　So far India has blown it. For firms wanting to invest, access to the ingredients ofproductionenergy, labour and landis uncertain and expensive. The taxation of foreigncompanies is a lottery. As a result, firms such as Li Fung, which sources textiles andtoys for America s supermarkets, say that factories are shifting to Bangladesh, South-EastAsia and Africa, not India. 　　然而到目前為止，印度都搞砸了。對于想投資的企業(yè)來說，包括能源、勞力和土地在內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品原料都太貴和太不確定。加上對外資公司的課稅模式捉摸不定，造成的結(jié)果就是，像利豐集團這樣為美國超市提供紡織品和玩具外包的企業(yè)把工廠轉(zhuǎn)移到了孟加拉、東南亞和非洲，而不是印度。 　　If India is to be in the running as a manufacturing centre, the new government must restorethe country s reputation as a place to do business. In some areas less government isneeded: archaic labour laws should be abolished. In others a stronger state is required tosupply reliable electricity or enforce contracts to let firms buy land. Through both, thereneeds to be a big drive to create clusters of manufacturing. 　　如果印度真想做制造中心，新政府就一定要重新建立起該國是個做生意的好地方的名聲。在某些領(lǐng)域上，政府可以減少參與，比如陳舊的勞動法應(yīng)當(dāng)被廢除。在其他領(lǐng)域里，政府需要扮演強大的角色，提供可靠的電力并鞏固合約，以此鼓勵企業(yè)買地。雙管齊下的同時還需要有強勁的驅(qū)動力來牽引出一個個制造業(yè)集群。 　　India can go in one of two directions. It can watch its position in the world decline as itsinfrastructure lags further behind and its army of underemployed people grows. Or it canstabilise its finances and build a productive private sector that creates the jobs its youngpeople need and turns it into a serious global power. The choice is the new government s. 　　印度有兩條路可走。它可以忍受基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施遠遠落后、失業(yè)人群不斷增長，并親眼目睹自身的世界地位漸漸沒落，或者它可以穩(wěn)定財政并建造一個富有成效的私營部門來為年輕人創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位，從而變成一個正經(jīng)的全球性大國。選擇權(quán)在新政府。 　　詞語解釋 　　1.get along with 進展;與和睦相處 　　Do you get along with your parents now? 　　那你現(xiàn)在和父母相處得怎么樣呢? 　　You should try to get along with them. 　　你應(yīng)該試著和她們好好相處。 　　2.deal with 與交易;應(yīng)付 　　How would you deal with an armed burglar? 　　你怎樣對付闖進來的持有武器的強盜? 　　So how should you deal with a braggart? 　　那么應(yīng)該怎么對待一個吹牛的人呢? 　　3.fed up with 受夠 　　Fed up with the futility of the 2023 environment, the consortium moved decisively. 　　受夠了徒勞無功的2023時代之后，財團采取了決定性的行動。 　　At times I get fed up with her. 　　有時候我覺得我都受夠了它。 　　4.choose to 選擇 　　Also unclear is how much debt time warner will choose to assign to its former unit. 　　另外，人們也不清楚時代華納將會選擇讓這家前子公司承擔(dān)多少債務(wù)。 　　Each time you choose to take a stand for partnership, that is going to be visible. 　　每次面對合作時你選擇的立場都會被別人看在眼里。

　　2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 　　India s new government 　　印度新政府 　　Kick-starting India 　　一劑強心劑 　　India s new government must get the economyworking again. Here s how 　　印度新政府必須讓國家經(jīng)濟回歸正軌，來看看需要怎么做。 　　INDIA S mammoth, five-week election, involvinghundreds of millions of voters, is over. Official results were due as The Economist went topress. A new government will be formed in the coming days. Exit polls point to the BharatiyaJanata Party swooping back to power after a decade in opposition. Narendra Modi, itsleader, is set to be prime minister. Investors are excited by that prospect. They like his pastin running the business-friendly state of Gujarat and his talk of vikas in the campaign. 　　印度為期五周，超過百萬人參與投票的國家大選終于落下帷幕。本期經(jīng)濟學(xué)人雜志出版正值官方結(jié)果出爐。在未來的日子里，印度將組建新的政府。出口民調(diào)顯示，印度人民黨在野十年后將重掌政權(quán)，人民黨領(lǐng)袖納倫德拉莫迪將任總理。投資人深受這一消息的鼓舞。莫迪過去在管理古吉拉特邦時實行的商業(yè)友好策略以及在大選進程中發(fā)表的關(guān)于維卡斯公司發(fā)展的言論都受到投資人的歡迎。 　　Whoever becomes prime minister faces a long to-do list that includes everything fromgetting along with Pakistan to dealing with iron-ore mafias. But the priority must berepairing what by some measures is the world s third-largest economy. This is the key tolifting hundreds of millions of people from poverty and creating jobs for India s young andhungry population. It is a huge task. 　　無論誰當(dāng)選總理，都面臨著一長串的任務(wù)清單，這個清單包羅萬象，從與巴基斯坦重修舊好到處理操縱鐵礦石交易的黑手黨。然而首要任務(wù)一定是修整這個從某種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上算是世界第三大經(jīng)濟體的國家，這是解救數(shù)以億計的貧困人口為青年和饑餓人群創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位的關(guān)鍵。這個任務(wù)無比艱巨。 　　A lost half-decade 　　失落的五年 　　A decade ago India s economy was winning new-found respect as a riot of energy andenterprise, but its performance in recent years has been dismal. Now foreign bosses rolltheir eyes when you mention India, as they did in the 1980s. Growth has fallen to 5%, halfthe level at the peak of the 2004-08 boom. Inflation and public borrowing are too high. Therupee slumped in 2023. Private firms are fed up with red tape and graft and have cutinvestment from a peak of 17% of GDP to 9%. On some measures the country is goingbackwards in time. Households have been shifting savings away from banks into the ancientrefuge of gold. In a country that should be industrialising, the contribution to GDP fromindustry has been declining while manufacturing jobs have stagnated. 　　十年前，依附于能源和企業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，印度經(jīng)濟贏得了世界上新鮮目光的矚目，然而近年來表現(xiàn)卻越發(fā)不堪。現(xiàn)在，提到印度時，外商會像上世紀八十年代一樣翻起白眼。印度的增長率下滑到5%，是它2004-08巔峰時期的一半。通貨膨脹和公開借貸雙雙過高，2023年，盧比遭到嚴重貶值。私營企業(yè)對政府的繁文縟節(jié)和貪污受賄厭倦透頂，表現(xiàn)在投資上就是投資額在GDP中占比從17%的高峰下滑到9%。從某些方面來說，印度已經(jīng)在走下坡路。家家戶戶都急于從銀行提現(xiàn)并把存款轉(zhuǎn)換為古老的黃金以尋求避難。作為一個工業(yè)化國家，印度工業(yè)對GDP的貢獻率已經(jīng)開始下滑，制造業(yè)的就業(yè)也陷于停滯。 　　The last government dithered and was preoccupied with bolstering India s welfare state.India s new rulers must be more strategic and ruthless. Their task has three parts. 　　上一屆政府猶猶豫豫，一心想著把印度變?yōu)橐粋€福利國家。新一屆政策制定者應(yīng)當(dāng)表現(xiàn)的更有戰(zhàn)略性和大膽無情。他們的任務(wù)有三方面。 　　First, they must tackle India s rotten banks. That might sound like a technical quibbleitis anything but. Bad debts have soared as the economy has slowed and infrastructure projectshave got snared by red tape. Banks have chosen to extend and pretend loans to zombiefirms. The cost of cleaning up banks balance sheets could be as high as 4% of GDPslightlylarger, in relative terms, than Wall Street s bail out. But until the banks are fit enough tofinance a new cycle of investment, no recovery will happen. Deeper financial reform isvital, too. Banks are forced to buy government bonds, giving politicians a blank cheque toborrow. Limiting that would help end the habit of reckless public deficits. 　　首先需要處理的是的腐朽的銀行業(yè)。這聽起來可能像詭辯，但事實確是如此。經(jīng)濟下滑和基建項目被紅頭文件擱置導(dǎo)致了壞賬的猛增，而銀行卻假裝繼續(xù)給僵尸企業(yè)提供貸款。清理銀行資產(chǎn)負債表的成本可能達到GDP的4%，比起華爾街的保釋要相對多一些。但是，復(fù)蘇必須等到銀行能夠進行新一輪的投融資才有可能發(fā)生。深入的金融改革也是十分必要的。現(xiàn)在的銀行被迫購買國債，這樣政客就能夠借到空頭支票，而限制這個過程能夠幫助政府終結(jié)輕率產(chǎn)生的赤字。 　　Second, a destabilising cycle of stagflation must be broken. High public borrowing has fuelledinflation, which stands at 9%. To protect their savings, households have bought gold fromabroad, blowing a hole in the balance of payments. The new government must cut wastefulspending on subsidies of food and fuel. But the main reason why India has not run a budgetsurplus since independence in 1947 is that its tax base is puny. So the government mustbring more of the economy into the tax net in order to repair the public finances. 　　第二點，必須打破不穩(wěn)定的滯漲循環(huán)。高公債刺激了通貨膨脹，當(dāng)前已經(jīng)達到9%。家庭為了保護存款從國外購買黃金，這樣就在收支平衡表上留下了一個漏洞。新政府必須削減不必要的食品和燃料補貼。但是印度自1947年獨立以來就沒有過預(yù)算盈余的主要原因在它薄弱的課稅基礎(chǔ)。因此，政府應(yīng)當(dāng)將更多的經(jīng)濟活動納入稅網(wǎng)來恢復(fù)公共財政。 　　Slaying stagflation also requires tough action from the central bank. Its chief, RaghuramRajan, wants an inflation targeting regime. The government should back him and try topersuade him to stay in the job. To cut high food prices, it should abolish the state-runagricultural markets that are often in the hands of powerful locals who hoard farmers produce. 　　遏制滯漲還需要央行采取強硬行動。央行行長拉加恩希望有一個針對通貨膨脹的機制，政府應(yīng)當(dāng)給予支持并把他穩(wěn)定在行長的位子上。考慮到國營農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場通常都被從農(nóng)民手中積聚農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的有財力的當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬倏兀畱?yīng)當(dāng)廢除這一市場來降低過高的食品價格。 　　India s not working 　　印度的不作為 　　Creating more decent jobs is the new government s third and most important task. Over thepast half century most East Asian countries have prospered by employing unskilledfarmworkers in factories. India should be doing that right now. Over 10m people a year willenter the workforce for the next decade. Labour costs are rising in China, leading firms toshift production elsewhere. Japanese companies are scrambling to diversify away fromChina as military tensions crackle. The rupee has fallen by a third against the yuan since2010, making India s workers more competitive. 　　新政府第三個也是最重要的任務(wù)是制造更多體面的就業(yè)崗位。過去的半個世紀以來多數(shù)東亞國家都是通過在工廠里雇傭無需技能的農(nóng)場工人來致富，印度也應(yīng)當(dāng)這么做。接下來的十年里會有超過千萬人加入勞動力大軍。中國的勞動力成本的升高導(dǎo)致企業(yè)紛紛另覓廠房;隨著軍事緊張的局勢破表，日本企業(yè)爭相逃離中國;2010年以來，盧比兌人民幣已經(jīng)貶值了三分之一，這種情況下印度的勞動力將更有競爭力。 　　So far India has blown it. For firms wanting to invest, access to the ingredients ofproductionenergy, labour and landis uncertain and expensive. The taxation of foreigncompanies is a lottery. As a result, firms such as Li Fung, which sources textiles andtoys for America s supermarkets, say that factories are shifting to Bangladesh, South-EastAsia and Africa, not India. 　　然而到目前為止，印度都搞砸了。對于想投資的企業(yè)來說，包括能源、勞力和土地在內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品原料都太貴和太不確定。加上對外資公司的課稅模式捉摸不定，造成的結(jié)果就是，像利豐集團這樣為美國超市提供紡織品和玩具外包的企業(yè)把工廠轉(zhuǎn)移到了孟加拉、東南亞和非洲，而不是印度。 　　If India is to be in the running as a manufacturing centre, the new government must restorethe country s reputation as a place to do business. In some areas less government isneeded: archaic labour laws should be abolished. In others a stronger state is required tosupply reliable electricity or enforce contracts to let firms buy land. Through both, thereneeds to be a big drive to create clusters of manufacturing. 　　如果印度真想做制造中心，新政府就一定要重新建立起該國是個做生意的好地方的名聲。在某些領(lǐng)域上，政府可以減少參與，比如陳舊的勞動法應(yīng)當(dāng)被廢除。在其他領(lǐng)域里，政府需要扮演強大的角色，提供可靠的電力并鞏固合約，以此鼓勵企業(yè)買地。雙管齊下的同時還需要有強勁的驅(qū)動力來牽引出一個個制造業(yè)集群。 　　India can go in one of two directions. It can watch its position in the world decline as itsinfrastructure lags further behind and its army of underemployed people grows. Or it canstabilise its finances and build a productive private sector that creates the jobs its youngpeople need and turns it into a serious global power. The choice is the new government s. 　　印度有兩條路可走。它可以忍受基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施遠遠落后、失業(yè)人群不斷增長，并親眼目睹自身的世界地位漸漸沒落，或者它可以穩(wěn)定財政并建造一個富有成效的私營部門來為年輕人創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位，從而變成一個正經(jīng)的全球性大國。選擇權(quán)在新政府。 　　詞語解釋 　　1.get along with 進展;與和睦相處 　　Do you get along with your parents now? 　　那你現(xiàn)在和父母相處得怎么樣呢? 　　You should try to get along with them. 　　你應(yīng)該試著和她們好好相處。 　　2.deal with 與交易;應(yīng)付 　　How would you deal with an armed burglar? 　　你怎樣對付闖進來的持有武器的強盜? 　　So how should you deal with a braggart? 　　那么應(yīng)該怎么對待一個吹牛的人呢? 　　3.fed up with 受夠 　　Fed up with the futility of the 2023 environment, the consortium moved decisively. 　　受夠了徒勞無功的2023時代之后，財團采取了決定性的行動。 　　At times I get fed up with her. 　　有時候我覺得我都受夠了它。 　　4.choose to 選擇 　　Also unclear is how much debt time warner will choose to assign to its former unit. 　　另外，人們也不清楚時代華納將會選擇讓這家前子公司承擔(dān)多少債務(wù)。 　　Each time you choose to take a stand for partnership, that is going to be visible. 　　每次面對合作時你選擇的立場都會被別人看在眼里。