行為經濟學
2023復習正是強化復習階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經濟學人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 The economics of behavior 行為經濟學 Time and punishment 時間與處罰 Impatient children are more likely to becomelawbreakers 心急的孩子更容易成為不法分子 IN HIS Odyssey, Homer immortalized the idea ofresisting temptation by having the protagonist tied to the mast of his ship, to hear yet notsuccumb to the beautiful, dangerous songs of the Sirens. Researchers have long beenintrigued as to whether this ability to avoid, or defer, gratification is related to outcomesin life. The best-known test is the marshmallow experiment, in which children who couldrefrain from eating the confection for 15 minutes were given a second one. Children whocould not wait tended to have lower incomes and poorer health as adults. New researchsuggests that kids who are unable to delay rewards are also more likely to become criminalslater. 荷馬筆下的《奧德賽》里，那抵制誘惑的故事經久不衰。主角將自己綁在船的桅桿上，聽得到塞壬美妙卻又危險的歌聲，但不屈從于誘惑。長期以來，研究人員一直好奇人們是否有能力抵制或推遲與生活相關的滿足感。在最知名的棉花糖實驗里，15分鐘內能忍住不吃糖的孩子就可以吃到兩塊棉花糖。無法等待的孩子成年后往往收入較低，健康狀況較差。新的研究表明，不能耽擱而必須立即享受獎賞的孩子們之后也更可能成為罪犯。 David Akerlund, Hans Gronqvist and Lena Lindahl of Stockholm University and Bart Golsteynof Maastricht University used data from a Swedish survey in which more than 13,000children aged 13 were asked whether they would prefer to receive $140 now or $1,400 in fiveyears time. About four-fifths of them said they were prepared to wait. 斯德哥爾摩大學的大衛阿克隆德，漢斯格倫維斯特，莉娜林達爾，以及馬斯特里赫特大學的巴特哥斯蒂恩使用了一項取自瑞典的調查數據，調查中，超過13,000名13歲的孩子被問及是希望現在獲得140美元還是五年后獲得1,400美元，約五分之四的孩子說他們愿意等待。 Unlike previous researchers, the authors were able to track all the children and account fortheir parental background and cognitive ability. They found that the 13-year-olds whowanted the smaller sum of money at once were 32% more likely to be convicted of a crimeduring the next 18 years than those children who said they would rather wait for the biggerreward. Individuals who are impatient, they believe, prefer instant benefits and aretherefore less likely to be deterred by potential punishments. 不同于以往的研究者，此次調查中，研究人員追蹤所有的孩子，并對其父母的背景和認知能力進行評估。他們發現，比起那些寧愿等待更大獎賞的13歲孩子，想要一次性取得較小金額的孩子有32%的可能在今后18年內犯下罪行。因此，研究人員相信，缺乏耐心的個體喜歡即時的好處，而且不太可能因潛在的懲罰而卻步。 But those who fret that a persons criminal path is set already as a teenager should notdespair. The four researchers offer a remedy. When the respondents education wasincluded in the analysis, they found that higher educational attainment was linked to apreference for delayed gratification. We therefore suspect that schooling can deterpeople from crime by making them value the future more, explains Mr Gronqvist. 但是，那些為一個人的犯罪軌跡在十幾歲時就已定型發愁的人也不用絕望。四位研究人員提供了一項補救措施。當受訪者的教育程度被納入分析時，研究人員發現，較高的教育程度與推遲滿足感的偏好是有聯系的。因此，我們猜想，學校教育可以使他們更多的看重未來，從而壓下犯罪的念頭，格倫維斯特先生解釋道。 Educational attainment and patience are related either because patience helps students todo better or because schooling makes people more likely to postpone rewards. Fortunately,there is evidence in support of the latter theory. Francisco Perez-Arce of the RANDCorporation, a think-tank, interviewed around 2,000 applicants for Mexican universities. Thestudents had similar credentials but some obtained admission through a lottery to auniversity that did not charge tuition fees, whereas the rest had to apply elsewhere. As aresult, a higher proportion of lottery-winners than losers went to college. After a year, MrPerez-Arce found, the lottery-winners were more patient than the losers. Since the processwas random, he concluded that higher education can make people place more weight on thefuture. 教育程度和耐心的相關性可能是因為耐心能幫助學生們做的更好，或者是因為教育增加了人們推遲獎賞的可能性。幸運的是，后一種理論有著論據支撐。咨詢研究機構蘭德的弗朗西斯科佩雷斯-阿爾塞采訪了大約2,000位墨西哥大學的申請者。學生們手中有相似的憑據，但一些人能憑借抽獎被大學錄取且不收學費，其他人則需另謀他處。結果，抽獎贏家們上大學的比例高于未被抽中者。一年后，佩雷斯-阿爾塞發現，抽獎中的贏家比輸家更有耐心。由于這個過程是隨機的，他得出結論稱高等教育可以使人們更多的關注于未來。 Victor Hugo supposedly said, He who opens a school door closes a prison. Homer is not theonly great writer with lessons for economic research. 維克多雨果曾說，誰若是開辦了一所學校,他便是關閉了一座監獄。看起來，寫下與經濟研究相關的經驗教訓的偉大作家可不止荷馬一人。 詞語解釋 1.relate to 涉及;同有關系 It s not clear what bonds the new sec charges relateto. 目前尚不清楚SEC的最新指控涉及哪些債券。 Cutting costs is not easy: the bulk relate topromises already made. 削減成本并不是件容易的事：大部分成本與已經做出的承諾有關。 2.tend to 趨向;偏重 Smaller laptops also tend to have longer battery life. 小巧的電腦也趨向更長的電池持續時間。 I tend to prefer light colors. 我往往更喜歡淡顏色。 3.account for 導致，引起 Do women account for more of today s affairs? 如今女性在婚外情中所占比例是不是更大? Philosophers had long wondered how to account for essences. 長期以來，哲學家們困惑于如何說明這些本質。 4.wait for 等待 So the bus need not wait for the fare. 所以，公交車不必為了收費而等待。 It s okay to ask for a coach rather than wait for someone to offer you one. 除了等待公司安排，員工也可以主動要求培訓。
2023復習正是強化復習階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經濟學人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 The economics of behavior 行為經濟學 Time and punishment 時間與處罰 Impatient children are more likely to becomelawbreakers 心急的孩子更容易成為不法分子 IN HIS Odyssey, Homer immortalized the idea ofresisting temptation by having the protagonist tied to the mast of his ship, to hear yet notsuccumb to the beautiful, dangerous songs of the Sirens. Researchers have long beenintrigued as to whether this ability to avoid, or defer, gratification is related to outcomesin life. The best-known test is the marshmallow experiment, in which children who couldrefrain from eating the confection for 15 minutes were given a second one. Children whocould not wait tended to have lower incomes and poorer health as adults. New researchsuggests that kids who are unable to delay rewards are also more likely to become criminalslater. 荷馬筆下的《奧德賽》里，那抵制誘惑的故事經久不衰。主角將自己綁在船的桅桿上，聽得到塞壬美妙卻又危險的歌聲，但不屈從于誘惑。長期以來，研究人員一直好奇人們是否有能力抵制或推遲與生活相關的滿足感。在最知名的棉花糖實驗里，15分鐘內能忍住不吃糖的孩子就可以吃到兩塊棉花糖。無法等待的孩子成年后往往收入較低，健康狀況較差。新的研究表明，不能耽擱而必須立即享受獎賞的孩子們之后也更可能成為罪犯。 David Akerlund, Hans Gronqvist and Lena Lindahl of Stockholm University and Bart Golsteynof Maastricht University used data from a Swedish survey in which more than 13,000children aged 13 were asked whether they would prefer to receive $140 now or $1,400 in fiveyears time. About four-fifths of them said they were prepared to wait. 斯德哥爾摩大學的大衛阿克隆德，漢斯格倫維斯特，莉娜林達爾，以及馬斯特里赫特大學的巴特哥斯蒂恩使用了一項取自瑞典的調查數據，調查中，超過13,000名13歲的孩子被問及是希望現在獲得140美元還是五年后獲得1,400美元，約五分之四的孩子說他們愿意等待。 Unlike previous researchers, the authors were able to track all the children and account fortheir parental background and cognitive ability. They found that the 13-year-olds whowanted the smaller sum of money at once were 32% more likely to be convicted of a crimeduring the next 18 years than those children who said they would rather wait for the biggerreward. Individuals who are impatient, they believe, prefer instant benefits and aretherefore less likely to be deterred by potential punishments. 不同于以往的研究者，此次調查中，研究人員追蹤所有的孩子，并對其父母的背景和認知能力進行評估。他們發現，比起那些寧愿等待更大獎賞的13歲孩子，想要一次性取得較小金額的孩子有32%的可能在今后18年內犯下罪行。因此，研究人員相信，缺乏耐心的個體喜歡即時的好處，而且不太可能因潛在的懲罰而卻步。 But those who fret that a persons criminal path is set already as a teenager should notdespair. The four researchers offer a remedy. When the respondents education wasincluded in the analysis, they found that higher educational attainment was linked to apreference for delayed gratification. We therefore suspect that schooling can deterpeople from crime by making them value the future more, explains Mr Gronqvist. 但是，那些為一個人的犯罪軌跡在十幾歲時就已定型發愁的人也不用絕望。四位研究人員提供了一項補救措施。當受訪者的教育程度被納入分析時，研究人員發現，較高的教育程度與推遲滿足感的偏好是有聯系的。因此，我們猜想，學校教育可以使他們更多的看重未來，從而壓下犯罪的念頭，格倫維斯特先生解釋道。 Educational attainment and patience are related either because patience helps students todo better or because schooling makes people more likely to postpone rewards. Fortunately,there is evidence in support of the latter theory. Francisco Perez-Arce of the RANDCorporation, a think-tank, interviewed around 2,000 applicants for Mexican universities. Thestudents had similar credentials but some obtained admission through a lottery to auniversity that did not charge tuition fees, whereas the rest had to apply elsewhere. As aresult, a higher proportion of lottery-winners than losers went to college. After a year, MrPerez-Arce found, the lottery-winners were more patient than the losers. Since the processwas random, he concluded that higher education can make people place more weight on thefuture. 教育程度和耐心的相關性可能是因為耐心能幫助學生們做的更好，或者是因為教育增加了人們推遲獎賞的可能性。幸運的是，后一種理論有著論據支撐。咨詢研究機構蘭德的弗朗西斯科佩雷斯-阿爾塞采訪了大約2,000位墨西哥大學的申請者。學生們手中有相似的憑據，但一些人能憑借抽獎被大學錄取且不收學費，其他人則需另謀他處。結果，抽獎贏家們上大學的比例高于未被抽中者。一年后，佩雷斯-阿爾塞發現，抽獎中的贏家比輸家更有耐心。由于這個過程是隨機的，他得出結論稱高等教育可以使人們更多的關注于未來。 Victor Hugo supposedly said, He who opens a school door closes a prison. Homer is not theonly great writer with lessons for economic research. 維克多雨果曾說，誰若是開辦了一所學校,他便是關閉了一座監獄。看起來，寫下與經濟研究相關的經驗教訓的偉大作家可不止荷馬一人。 詞語解釋 1.relate to 涉及;同有關系 It s not clear what bonds the new sec charges relateto. 目前尚不清楚SEC的最新指控涉及哪些債券。 Cutting costs is not easy: the bulk relate topromises already made. 削減成本并不是件容易的事：大部分成本與已經做出的承諾有關。 2.tend to 趨向;偏重 Smaller laptops also tend to have longer battery life. 小巧的電腦也趨向更長的電池持續時間。 I tend to prefer light colors. 我往往更喜歡淡顏色。 3.account for 導致，引起 Do women account for more of today s affairs? 如今女性在婚外情中所占比例是不是更大? Philosophers had long wondered how to account for essences. 長期以來，哲學家們困惑于如何說明這些本質。 4.wait for 等待 So the bus need not wait for the fare. 所以，公交車不必為了收費而等待。 It s okay to ask for a coach rather than wait for someone to offer you one. 除了等待公司安排，員工也可以主動要求培訓。
