考研英語閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo)之物理學(xué)類01

　　閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) 　　[物理學(xué)] 　　題目序號 　　題型歸類 　　第1題 　　中心主旨題型 　　第2題 　　段落（間）關(guān)系題型 　　第3題 　　審題定位與反推題型 　　第4題 　　歸納推導(dǎo)題型 　　第5題 　　審題定位與段落（間）關(guān)系題型 　　The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism aboutadvertisers claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermalenergy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradictingthe principle of energy conservation. 　　Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternativelyfrom its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant,starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor drivenby an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, densevapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfersheat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as ahigh-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes thepressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partiallyvaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger,the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducingthe temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one islocated inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact witha different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively. 　　The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlledby valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switchfunction. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat orcool room air. 　　Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermalenergy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energyconservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input ofthermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts forthe difference in the energy equation. 　　Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of aheat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity iscaused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressorat one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: theless the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it cantransfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vaporthrough the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximatelyconstant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressurethan warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant and thusthe thermal energy it carries is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer beforecompression. 　　Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely coldclimates where the most heat is needed heat pumps areleast able to supply enough heat. 　　1.The primary purpose of the text is to 　　[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoortemperature changes. 　　[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps. 　　[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use. 　　[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps. 　　2.The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to theprinciple of energy conservation by 　　[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle. 　　[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to thisquestion. 　　[C] supplying additional relevant facts. 　　[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps. 　　3.It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, theheating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when 　　[A] heating is least essential. 　　[B] electricity rates are lowest. 　　[C] its compressor runs the fastest. 　　[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady. 　　4.If the authors assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, whichof the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn fromthis case? 　　[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying topromote. 　　[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implicationsinstead of on facts. 　　[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospectiveclients ability to believe. 　　[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know eventhe most elementary scientific principles. 　　5.The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if 　　[A] they could also be used as air conditioners. 　　[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed. 　　[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled. 　　[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation. 　　[答案與考點解析] 　　1.【答案】C 　　【考點解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的第二、三、四段描述了heat pumps的相關(guān)物理原理，第一、五、六段談到了影響heat pumps應(yīng)用的原因。由此可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是C。考生在解題時一定要對全文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)有所認識，并將各段的主題句聯(lián)系起來加以理解。 　　2.【答案】C 　　【考點解析】這是一道段落間關(guān)系題。通過題干中的the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle ofenergy conservation可迅速確定本題的答案信息來源應(yīng)該在第二段，因為第一段就是本題的題干。通過仔細閱讀原文可發(fā)現(xiàn)本題的答案信息來源在第二、三、四段，在這三段中本文作者為解決相關(guān)問題給出了relevant facts（相關(guān)事實）。可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是C。考生在解題時一定要注意段落之間的相互關(guān)系。 　　3.【答案】A 　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位與反推題。通過本題題干中的heating season可迅速將本題的答案信息來源確定在尾段，因為尾段中的extremely cold climates暗示出heating season。通過仔細閱讀和理解尾段并且進行相應(yīng)的推導(dǎo)就可得出本題的正確選項A。考生在解題時首先要具備審題定位的能力，另外在解題時不能僅僅停留于字面含義，要多動腦子進行合理的推導(dǎo)。 　　4.【答案】C 　　【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。題干把本題所涉及的問題確定在第一段，而本文作者對于該問題的解釋和說明確在第四段。通過對這兩段的綜合歸納推導(dǎo)，可得出本題的正確選項是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解釋幫助解決了人們心中的疑惑，但是這兩段的深層含義暗示我們：人們在做廣告時要避免使用超出消費者可信度的信息。考生在解題時要注意段落之間的聯(lián)系，更要注意作者所要傳遞的深層含義。 　　5.【答案】D 　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位與段落間關(guān)系題。通過題干中的heat pumps would be used more widely可迅速確定本題的題干來自于首段，在首段中我們也可以得知阻礙heat pumps被大家廣泛接受的原因是contradicting the principle of energy conservation。在本文的第四段作者對第一段中所涉及的問題給出了合理的解釋，指出heat pumps并沒有contradicting the principle of energy conservation。問題出在人們對于evaporator缺乏了解。綜合這兩段的內(nèi)容我們可得知：如果人們對evaporator有所認識，他們對heat pumps就不會心存疑慮，同時他們就會接受heat pumps，從而heat pumps就會得到廣泛的利用。可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該中D。考生在解題時一定要注意段落之間的聯(lián)系，更要注意反推即逆向思維的應(yīng)用。 　　[參考譯文] 　　熱泵使用受到阻礙，主要是人們懷疑廣告上所宣稱的，熱泵能夠提供兩倍于其所消耗電能的熱能，這顯然與能量守恒定理相悖。 　　熱泵循環(huán)使用的是液體制冷劑，這個循環(huán)使得制冷劑在一個封閉環(huán)路內(nèi)從液體到氣體交替變化。循環(huán)開始時，制冷劑以低溫低壓的蒸氣，進入一個電機驅(qū)動的壓縮機。出了壓縮機后，制冷劑變?yōu)楦邷爻砻艿臍怏w，流經(jīng)一個被稱為冷凝器的熱交換器，這個冷凝器把制冷劑的熱量傳送到一個氣團。制冷劑就變成了高壓冷卻的液態(tài)，然后經(jīng)過一個節(jié)流器，節(jié)流器使其壓力下降。壓力下降時，制冷劑就會膨脹并且使部分液體氣化，制冷劑變冷。然后經(jīng)過第二個熱交換器即蒸發(fā)器，蒸發(fā)器把熱量從空氣中傳到制冷劑中，使得第二個氣團溫度降低。這兩個熱交換器，一個在室內(nèi)工作，另外一個位于室外，所以每個熱交換器接觸各自不同的氣團：室內(nèi)空氣和室外空氣。 　　制冷劑在熱泵內(nèi)的流動方向受閥門控制。當(dāng)制冷劑逆向流動時，兩個交換器就交換它們的功能。這個逆向流動的能力使得熱泵對室內(nèi)空氣加溫或冷卻。 　　現(xiàn)在，如果在某些條件下一個熱泵輸出的熱能多于其消耗的電能，則能量守恒法則受到挑戰(zhàn)了么？不，絲毫沒有：通過蒸發(fā)器進入了制冷劑循環(huán)的額外熱能，可以說明能量平衡上的差異。 　　不幸的是，這里有一個現(xiàn)實的問題。熱泵的加熱能力隨著室外溫度的下降而減少，其減少是由于在固定時間內(nèi)流經(jīng)壓縮機的制冷劑數(shù)量上的減少而造成的。熱容量和制冷劑質(zhì)量流動速率成比例：被壓縮的制冷劑越少，加載到熱機循環(huán)中傳輸?shù)臒崃吭缴佟Ｔ谑褂脝嗡傩D(zhuǎn)式壓縮機的熱泵中，制冷劑氣體的體積流動速率近似一個常數(shù)。但進入壓縮機的制冷劑氣體，其冷卻的氣體壓力比熱氣壓力要小。因此，冷的制冷劑氣體質(zhì)量，也就是它攜帶的熱能小于在壓縮之前比較熱的制冷劑氣體的質(zhì)量。 　　這樣，那么熱泵存在的真正障礙在于：在極端寒冷氣候地區(qū)，那里最需要熱量，熱泵卻最不能夠提供充足的熱量。

　　閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) 　　[物理學(xué)] 　　題目序號 　　題型歸類 　　第1題 　　中心主旨題型 　　第2題 　　段落（間）關(guān)系題型 　　第3題 　　審題定位與反推題型 　　第4題 　　歸納推導(dǎo)題型 　　第5題 　　審題定位與段落（間）關(guān)系題型 　　The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism aboutadvertisers claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermalenergy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradictingthe principle of energy conservation. 　　Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternativelyfrom its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant,starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor drivenby an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, densevapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfersheat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as ahigh-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes thepressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partiallyvaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger,the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducingthe temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one islocated inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact witha different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively. 　　The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlledby valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switchfunction. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat orcool room air. 　　Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermalenergy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energyconservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input ofthermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts forthe difference in the energy equation. 　　Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of aheat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity iscaused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressorat one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: theless the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it cantransfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vaporthrough the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximatelyconstant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressurethan warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant and thusthe thermal energy it carries is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer beforecompression. 　　Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely coldclimates where the most heat is needed heat pumps areleast able to supply enough heat. 　　1.The primary purpose of the text is to 　　[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoortemperature changes. 　　[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps. 　　[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use. 　　[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps. 　　2.The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to theprinciple of energy conservation by 　　[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle. 　　[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to thisquestion. 　　[C] supplying additional relevant facts. 　　[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps. 　　3.It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, theheating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when 　　[A] heating is least essential. 　　[B] electricity rates are lowest. 　　[C] its compressor runs the fastest. 　　[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady. 　　4.If the authors assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, whichof the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn fromthis case? 　　[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying topromote. 　　[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implicationsinstead of on facts. 　　[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospectiveclients ability to believe. 　　[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know eventhe most elementary scientific principles. 　　5.The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if 　　[A] they could also be used as air conditioners. 　　[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed. 　　[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled. 　　[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation. 　　[答案與考點解析] 　　1.【答案】C 　　【考點解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的第二、三、四段描述了heat pumps的相關(guān)物理原理，第一、五、六段談到了影響heat pumps應(yīng)用的原因。由此可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是C。考生在解題時一定要對全文的整體結(jié)構(gòu)有所認識，并將各段的主題句聯(lián)系起來加以理解。 　　2.【答案】C 　　【考點解析】這是一道段落間關(guān)系題。通過題干中的the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle ofenergy conservation可迅速確定本題的答案信息來源應(yīng)該在第二段，因為第一段就是本題的題干。通過仔細閱讀原文可發(fā)現(xiàn)本題的答案信息來源在第二、三、四段，在這三段中本文作者為解決相關(guān)問題給出了relevant facts（相關(guān)事實）。可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是C。考生在解題時一定要注意段落之間的相互關(guān)系。 　　3.【答案】A 　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位與反推題。通過本題題干中的heating season可迅速將本題的答案信息來源確定在尾段，因為尾段中的extremely cold climates暗示出heating season。通過仔細閱讀和理解尾段并且進行相應(yīng)的推導(dǎo)就可得出本題的正確選項A。考生在解題時首先要具備審題定位的能力，另外在解題時不能僅僅停留于字面含義，要多動腦子進行合理的推導(dǎo)。 　　4.【答案】C 　　【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。題干把本題所涉及的問題確定在第一段，而本文作者對于該問題的解釋和說明確在第四段。通過對這兩段的綜合歸納推導(dǎo)，可得出本題的正確選項是C。由于作者在第四段的深刻解釋幫助解決了人們心中的疑惑，但是這兩段的深層含義暗示我們：人們在做廣告時要避免使用超出消費者可信度的信息。考生在解題時要注意段落之間的聯(lián)系，更要注意作者所要傳遞的深層含義。 　　5.【答案】D 　　【考點解析】這是一道審題定位與段落間關(guān)系題。通過題干中的heat pumps would be used more widely可迅速確定本題的題干來自于首段，在首段中我們也可以得知阻礙heat pumps被大家廣泛接受的原因是contradicting the principle of energy conservation。在本文的第四段作者對第一段中所涉及的問題給出了合理的解釋，指出heat pumps并沒有contradicting the principle of energy conservation。問題出在人們對于evaporator缺乏了解。綜合這兩段的內(nèi)容我們可得知：如果人們對evaporator有所認識，他們對heat pumps就不會心存疑慮，同時他們就會接受heat pumps，從而heat pumps就會得到廣泛的利用。可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該中D。考生在解題時一定要注意段落之間的聯(lián)系，更要注意反推即逆向思維的應(yīng)用。 　　[參考譯文] 　　熱泵使用受到阻礙，主要是人們懷疑廣告上所宣稱的，熱泵能夠提供兩倍于其所消耗電能的熱能，這顯然與能量守恒定理相悖。 　　熱泵循環(huán)使用的是液體制冷劑，這個循環(huán)使得制冷劑在一個封閉環(huán)路內(nèi)從液體到氣體交替變化。循環(huán)開始時，制冷劑以低溫低壓的蒸氣，進入一個電機驅(qū)動的壓縮機。出了壓縮機后，制冷劑變?yōu)楦邷爻砻艿臍怏w，流經(jīng)一個被稱為冷凝器的熱交換器，這個冷凝器把制冷劑的熱量傳送到一個氣團。制冷劑就變成了高壓冷卻的液態(tài)，然后經(jīng)過一個節(jié)流器，節(jié)流器使其壓力下降。壓力下降時，制冷劑就會膨脹并且使部分液體氣化，制冷劑變冷。然后經(jīng)過第二個熱交換器即蒸發(fā)器，蒸發(fā)器把熱量從空氣中傳到制冷劑中，使得第二個氣團溫度降低。這兩個熱交換器，一個在室內(nèi)工作，另外一個位于室外，所以每個熱交換器接觸各自不同的氣團：室內(nèi)空氣和室外空氣。 　　制冷劑在熱泵內(nèi)的流動方向受閥門控制。當(dāng)制冷劑逆向流動時，兩個交換器就交換它們的功能。這個逆向流動的能力使得熱泵對室內(nèi)空氣加溫或冷卻。 　　現(xiàn)在，如果在某些條件下一個熱泵輸出的熱能多于其消耗的電能，則能量守恒法則受到挑戰(zhàn)了么？不，絲毫沒有：通過蒸發(fā)器進入了制冷劑循環(huán)的額外熱能，可以說明能量平衡上的差異。 　　不幸的是，這里有一個現(xiàn)實的問題。熱泵的加熱能力隨著室外溫度的下降而減少，其減少是由于在固定時間內(nèi)流經(jīng)壓縮機的制冷劑數(shù)量上的減少而造成的。熱容量和制冷劑質(zhì)量流動速率成比例：被壓縮的制冷劑越少，加載到熱機循環(huán)中傳輸?shù)臒崃吭缴佟Ｔ谑褂脝嗡傩D(zhuǎn)式壓縮機的熱泵中，制冷劑氣體的體積流動速率近似一個常數(shù)。但進入壓縮機的制冷劑氣體，其冷卻的氣體壓力比熱氣壓力要小。因此，冷的制冷劑氣體質(zhì)量，也就是它攜帶的熱能小于在壓縮之前比較熱的制冷劑氣體的質(zhì)量。 　　這樣，那么熱泵存在的真正障礙在于：在極端寒冷氣候地區(qū)，那里最需要熱量，熱泵卻最不能夠提供充足的熱量。