考研英語(yǔ)閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo)之物理學(xué)類04
閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) [物理學(xué)類] 題目序號(hào) 題型歸類 第1題 中心主旨題型 第2題 反推題型 第3題 細(xì)節(jié)歸納推導(dǎo)題型 第4題 中心主旨題型 第5題 細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science,but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determinedby technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers usingnonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects thata technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbaldescriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process.In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, byand large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of ourmaterial surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because ofgeometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the mindsof those who built them. The creative shaping process of a technologists mind canbe seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing adiesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbalthinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightnessand fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should bevalves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have arange of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, bylimitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Somedecisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientificcalculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineeringcurricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design,involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist.Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hardthinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in thedevelopment of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematicalthought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the HistoricAmerican Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machinesand isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record ofAmerican engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilitieswere not engineering students, but rather students attending architecturalschools. If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineeringcurriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, arenot provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring inadvanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroadcars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstormbecause a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failuresthat plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; theyare a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to beprimarily a problem in mathematics. 1.In the text, the author is primarily concerned with [A] identifying the kinds of thinking that are used bytechnologists. [B] stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineeringdesign. [C] proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in thedevelopment of technology. [D] contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists. 2.It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curriculaare [A] strengthened when they include courses in design. [B] weakened by the substitution of physical science courses forcourses designed to develop mathematical skills. [C] strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most ofthe courses. [D] strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula havemade in the development of automatic control systems. 3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main pointof the first two paragraphs of the text? [A] When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is thetechnologist who is best equipped to repair it. [B] Each component of an automobile for example, theengine or the fuel tank has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be bestsuited to that components function. [C] A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologistsusing only nonverbal thought. [D] The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect itsdesigners conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of itssite. 4.Which of the following statements would best serve as anintroduction to the text? [A] The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technologicaldevelopments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientificdecisions made by technologists. [B] Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the successof technological development. [C] As knowledge of technology has increased, the tendency has beento lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in makingdecisions about form, arrangement, and texture. [D] A movement in engineering colleges toward a technicians degreereflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability thatwas once common among engineers. 5.The author calls the predicament faced by the HistoricAmerican Engineering Record paradoxical most probably because [A] the publication needed drawings that its own staff could notmake. [B] architectural schools offered but did not require engineeringdesign courses for their students. [C] college students were qualified to make the drawings whilepracticing engineers were not. [D] engineering students were not trained to make the type ofdrawings needed to record the development of their own discipline. [答案與考點(diǎn)解析] 1.【答案】B 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本題的正確答案信息點(diǎn)在原文第一段的倒數(shù)第二句，該句強(qiáng)調(diào)nonverbal thinking的重要性。可見(jiàn)本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是B。考生在破解中心主旨題時(shí)一定要首先找出原文的中心主旨句。 2.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道反推題。根據(jù)題干中的engineering curricula可將本題的正確答案信息來(lái)源確定在原文的第三段第一句。該句中should一詞的理解十分重要。should是應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上確沒(méi)有做。根據(jù)should一詞并且結(jié)合第三段第一句進(jìn)行反推即逆向思維，可得出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是A。考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)該重視關(guān)鍵的語(yǔ)言信號(hào)詞，更要加強(qiáng)反推的能力。 3.【答案】D 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)歸納推導(dǎo)題。其實(shí)只要考生抓住第一段中的中心主旨句（倒數(shù)第二句）和第二段中的中心主旨句（倒數(shù)第一句），就不難尋找出本題的正確答案D。要想知道某一段的主要含義就要首先找出該段的中心主旨句。另外考生在破解此類題型時(shí)還要善于根據(jù)中心主旨句進(jìn)行合理的邏輯推導(dǎo)。 4.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。如果考生抓住了全文的中心主旨句（第一段的倒數(shù)第二句）以及每段的中心主旨句（例如第二段的倒數(shù)第一句），就不難尋找出本題的正確選項(xiàng)A，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容與這些中心主旨句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是相互一致的。考生在破解中心主旨題型時(shí)一定要具備尋找和理解中心主旨句的能力。 5.【答案】D 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。題干已經(jīng)將本題的答案信息確定在第三段的尾句，該句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是engineering students在教育方面的缺陷，因此本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D。如果考生在理解此句時(shí)有困難，可借助于本段的主題句（第三段第一句）來(lái)破解本題。第三段第一句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是engineering curricula缺乏design courses。這句話同樣是表明engineering students在教育方面的缺失。考生在破解此類題型時(shí)一定要善于總結(jié)和歸納原文的信息。 [參考譯文] 許多日常使用的事物明顯受到了科學(xué)的影響，但它們的形狀和功能，它們的大小和外觀，是由工藝人員、工匠、設(shè)計(jì)師、發(fā)明家和工程師運(yùn)用非科學(xué)思維模式來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的。工藝人員所考慮物體的很多性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)不能歸結(jié)到毫不模糊的字面描述；在思維中，它們以一種視覺(jué)上的、非言語(yǔ)的方式被加以處理。在西方科技的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，大體上是由非言語(yǔ)思維刻畫(huà)了我們物質(zhì)環(huán)境的輪廓并充實(shí)了其中的細(xì)節(jié)。金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在，不是因?yàn)閹缀螌W(xué)或熱力學(xué)的原因，而是因?yàn)樵谒鼈兊闹圃煺叩念^腦中事先存在了這樣一幅畫(huà)面。 在幾乎每一件現(xiàn)存的人造制品身上都能看出工藝人員思維創(chuàng)造性的制作過(guò)程。比如說(shuō)，在柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)中，通過(guò)不斷使用關(guān)于合適感和適當(dāng)感的直觀體會(huì)，一個(gè)工藝人員得以用他個(gè)人的非語(yǔ)言思維來(lái)影響到機(jī)器本身。燃燒室的形狀應(yīng)怎樣？閥門應(yīng)該放在哪里？它應(yīng)該有個(gè)長(zhǎng)的活塞還是應(yīng)該有個(gè)短的？這樣的問(wèn)題有著由經(jīng)驗(yàn)、物理需要、可用空間的局限以及并非微不足道的形狀感等因素提供的一系列答案。某一些決定，比如壁厚和銷釘直徑，可能需要由科學(xué)的計(jì)算來(lái)定奪，但設(shè)計(jì)中的非科學(xué)成分仍然是主要的。 因此設(shè)計(jì)課程應(yīng)該成為工程課程中的基本成份。非語(yǔ)言思維，這一工程設(shè)計(jì)的核心機(jī)制，包括了感受這一屬于藝術(shù)家的而非科學(xué)家的慣用手段。因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為感受的過(guò)程不需要硬思維，非語(yǔ)言思維被視為認(rèn)知過(guò)程發(fā)展的一個(gè)原始階段而且比語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué)思維差。但令人感到自相矛盾的是，當(dāng)《美國(guó)工程歷史名錄》的工作人員希望得到為其美國(guó)工程歷史記錄而繪制的機(jī)器圖和等比例圖時(shí)，唯一具有所需技能的大學(xué)生不是工程學(xué)大學(xué)生，而是就讀于建筑學(xué)院的大學(xué)生。 如果不能開(kāi)設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)課程（它能在一個(gè)高度分析性工程學(xué)課程體系中提供解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的背景知識(shí)），我們就會(huì)在先進(jìn)的工程系統(tǒng)中遇到愚蠢而同時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致極大損失的錯(cuò)誤。比如，裝載了精密控制設(shè)備的早期高速鐵路車輛模型不能在暴風(fēng)雪中正常運(yùn)行，原因是一個(gè)風(fēng)扇將雪吸入到電子系統(tǒng)中。干擾著自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的荒唐的隨機(jī)故障不是輕微的失常；它們是一種混亂的反映，人們認(rèn)為這種混亂主要在設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)方面的問(wèn)題時(shí)就會(huì)產(chǎn)生。
閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) [物理學(xué)類] 題目序號(hào) 題型歸類 第1題 中心主旨題型 第2題 反推題型 第3題 細(xì)節(jié)歸納推導(dǎo)題型 第4題 中心主旨題型 第5題 細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science,but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determinedby technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers usingnonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects thata technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbaldescriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process.In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, byand large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of ourmaterial surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because ofgeometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the mindsof those who built them. The creative shaping process of a technologists mind canbe seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing adiesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbalthinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightnessand fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should bevalves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have arange of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, bylimitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Somedecisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientificcalculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineeringcurricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design,involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist.Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hardthinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in thedevelopment of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematicalthought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the HistoricAmerican Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machinesand isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record ofAmerican engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilitieswere not engineering students, but rather students attending architecturalschools. If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineeringcurriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, arenot provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring inadvanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroadcars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstormbecause a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failuresthat plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; theyare a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to beprimarily a problem in mathematics. 1.In the text, the author is primarily concerned with [A] identifying the kinds of thinking that are used bytechnologists. [B] stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineeringdesign. [C] proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in thedevelopment of technology. [D] contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists. 2.It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curriculaare [A] strengthened when they include courses in design. [B] weakened by the substitution of physical science courses forcourses designed to develop mathematical skills. [C] strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most ofthe courses. [D] strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula havemade in the development of automatic control systems. 3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main pointof the first two paragraphs of the text? [A] When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is thetechnologist who is best equipped to repair it. [B] Each component of an automobile for example, theengine or the fuel tank has a shape that has been scientifically determined to be bestsuited to that components function. [C] A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologistsusing only nonverbal thought. [D] The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect itsdesigners conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of itssite. 4.Which of the following statements would best serve as anintroduction to the text? [A] The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technologicaldevelopments must be derived from science ignores the many nonscientificdecisions made by technologists. [B] Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the successof technological development. [C] As knowledge of technology has increased, the tendency has beento lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in makingdecisions about form, arrangement, and texture. [D] A movement in engineering colleges toward a technicians degreereflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability thatwas once common among engineers. 5.The author calls the predicament faced by the HistoricAmerican Engineering Record paradoxical most probably because [A] the publication needed drawings that its own staff could notmake. [B] architectural schools offered but did not require engineeringdesign courses for their students. [C] college students were qualified to make the drawings whilepracticing engineers were not. [D] engineering students were not trained to make the type ofdrawings needed to record the development of their own discipline. [答案與考點(diǎn)解析] 1.【答案】B 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本題的正確答案信息點(diǎn)在原文第一段的倒數(shù)第二句，該句強(qiáng)調(diào)nonverbal thinking的重要性。可見(jiàn)本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是B。考生在破解中心主旨題時(shí)一定要首先找出原文的中心主旨句。 2.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道反推題。根據(jù)題干中的engineering curricula可將本題的正確答案信息來(lái)源確定在原文的第三段第一句。該句中should一詞的理解十分重要。should是應(yīng)該做而實(shí)際上確沒(méi)有做。根據(jù)should一詞并且結(jié)合第三段第一句進(jìn)行反推即逆向思維，可得出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是A。考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)該重視關(guān)鍵的語(yǔ)言信號(hào)詞，更要加強(qiáng)反推的能力。 3.【答案】D 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)歸納推導(dǎo)題。其實(shí)只要考生抓住第一段中的中心主旨句（倒數(shù)第二句）和第二段中的中心主旨句（倒數(shù)第一句），就不難尋找出本題的正確答案D。要想知道某一段的主要含義就要首先找出該段的中心主旨句。另外考生在破解此類題型時(shí)還要善于根據(jù)中心主旨句進(jìn)行合理的邏輯推導(dǎo)。 4.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。如果考生抓住了全文的中心主旨句（第一段的倒數(shù)第二句）以及每段的中心主旨句（例如第二段的倒數(shù)第一句），就不難尋找出本題的正確選項(xiàng)A，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容與這些中心主旨句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是相互一致的。考生在破解中心主旨題型時(shí)一定要具備尋找和理解中心主旨句的能力。 5.【答案】D 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。題干已經(jīng)將本題的答案信息確定在第三段的尾句，該句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是engineering students在教育方面的缺陷，因此本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D。如果考生在理解此句時(shí)有困難，可借助于本段的主題句（第三段第一句）來(lái)破解本題。第三段第一句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是engineering curricula缺乏design courses。這句話同樣是表明engineering students在教育方面的缺失。考生在破解此類題型時(shí)一定要善于總結(jié)和歸納原文的信息。 [參考譯文] 許多日常使用的事物明顯受到了科學(xué)的影響，但它們的形狀和功能，它們的大小和外觀，是由工藝人員、工匠、設(shè)計(jì)師、發(fā)明家和工程師運(yùn)用非科學(xué)思維模式來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的。工藝人員所考慮物體的很多性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)不能歸結(jié)到毫不模糊的字面描述；在思維中，它們以一種視覺(jué)上的、非言語(yǔ)的方式被加以處理。在西方科技的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，大體上是由非言語(yǔ)思維刻畫(huà)了我們物質(zhì)環(huán)境的輪廓并充實(shí)了其中的細(xì)節(jié)。金字塔、大教堂、火箭之所以存在，不是因?yàn)閹缀螌W(xué)或熱力學(xué)的原因，而是因?yàn)樵谒鼈兊闹圃煺叩念^腦中事先存在了這樣一幅畫(huà)面。 在幾乎每一件現(xiàn)存的人造制品身上都能看出工藝人員思維創(chuàng)造性的制作過(guò)程。比如說(shuō)，在柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)中，通過(guò)不斷使用關(guān)于合適感和適當(dāng)感的直觀體會(huì)，一個(gè)工藝人員得以用他個(gè)人的非語(yǔ)言思維來(lái)影響到機(jī)器本身。燃燒室的形狀應(yīng)怎樣？閥門應(yīng)該放在哪里？它應(yīng)該有個(gè)長(zhǎng)的活塞還是應(yīng)該有個(gè)短的？這樣的問(wèn)題有著由經(jīng)驗(yàn)、物理需要、可用空間的局限以及并非微不足道的形狀感等因素提供的一系列答案。某一些決定，比如壁厚和銷釘直徑，可能需要由科學(xué)的計(jì)算來(lái)定奪，但設(shè)計(jì)中的非科學(xué)成分仍然是主要的。 因此設(shè)計(jì)課程應(yīng)該成為工程課程中的基本成份。非語(yǔ)言思維，這一工程設(shè)計(jì)的核心機(jī)制，包括了感受這一屬于藝術(shù)家的而非科學(xué)家的慣用手段。因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為感受的過(guò)程不需要硬思維，非語(yǔ)言思維被視為認(rèn)知過(guò)程發(fā)展的一個(gè)原始階段而且比語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué)思維差。但令人感到自相矛盾的是，當(dāng)《美國(guó)工程歷史名錄》的工作人員希望得到為其美國(guó)工程歷史記錄而繪制的機(jī)器圖和等比例圖時(shí)，唯一具有所需技能的大學(xué)生不是工程學(xué)大學(xué)生，而是就讀于建筑學(xué)院的大學(xué)生。 如果不能開(kāi)設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)課程（它能在一個(gè)高度分析性工程學(xué)課程體系中提供解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的背景知識(shí)），我們就會(huì)在先進(jìn)的工程系統(tǒng)中遇到愚蠢而同時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致極大損失的錯(cuò)誤。比如，裝載了精密控制設(shè)備的早期高速鐵路車輛模型不能在暴風(fēng)雪中正常運(yùn)行，原因是一個(gè)風(fēng)扇將雪吸入到電子系統(tǒng)中。干擾著自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的荒唐的隨機(jī)故障不是輕微的失常；它們是一種混亂的反映，人們認(rèn)為這種混亂主要在設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)方面的問(wèn)題時(shí)就會(huì)產(chǎn)生。
